论葛属植物的开发及综合利用前景

综述了国内外葛根开发利用的现状和动向,介绍了葛属植物化学成份的研究进展及其含量测定方法,以及葛根产品在医药、食品等行业中的应用及市场前景。     

长白山不同生态系统地下部分生物量及地下C贮量的调查

论文在收集已有资料的基础上,补充调查了长白山自然保护区中沿不同海拔高度形成的不同森林生态系统的细根生物量和一些森林类型的根系总生物量,并且对自然环境因子对根系生物量的影响进行了相关分析。研究表明,由高海拔到低海拔(岳桦林、苔藓岳桦暗针叶林、暗针叶林过渡带、苔藓红松暗针叶林、红松针阔混交林)树木细根(<2mm)生物量分别是458.92gm^-2、537.42gm^-2、390.35gm^-2、397.25gm^-2和660.21gm^-2;根系总生物量分别是2578.00gm^-2、2794.00gm^-2、2680.00gm^-2、3459.25gm^-2和5155.00gm^-2。分别对细根生物量和根系总生物量与降水量和活动积温之间进行相关性分析时,发现细根生物量与不同海拔高度的活动积温和降水量没有明显的相关性;而根系生物量与这些因子存在着指数相关关系。该研究同时对不同海拔高度根系中的C、N含量和土壤中有机质的含量进行了分析和测定。结合已有的倒木和凋落物的资料,估算了长白山自然保护区中沿不同海拔高度形成的不同森林生态系统地下C的贮量。在长白山自然保护区内,由高海拔到低海拔,林地C贮量分别是15493.88gm^-2、21005.74gm^-2、19819.24gm^-2、14232.51gm^-2和7344.02gm^-2。     

Methylopila sp.SD-1与大豆联合修复苯磺隆污染土壤

分离得到1株苯磺隆降解菌株SD-1,根据表型、生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析,将其鉴定为Methylopila sp.SD-1,为首次报道能够降解苯磺隆的Methylopila属菌株,其在4d内完全降解50mg/L苯磺隆,最适降解温度、pH值分别为30℃和7.0,降解中间产物对大豆的毒性显著降低.大豆根系分泌物能促进菌株SD-1的生长,培养5d,菌株SD-1的数量由1.0×10⁷CFU/mL增至6.7×10⁷CFU/mL.分泌物中含有16种氨基酸,菌株SD-1对其中的Asp、Glu和Phe表现出明显的趋化性.接种菌悬液至苯磺隆污染土壤（3mg/kg）并种植大豆幼苗,培养4d,菌株SD-1依赖趋化性向大豆根系运动并定殖,存活率提高,根际土壤中苯磺隆的降解率相较于未种植大豆的处理提高36.0%.     

长梗黄精主根与须根多糖的提取工艺研究

对长梗黄精主根与须根多糖的提取工艺进行了研究.在对乙醇浓度、浸提温度、浸提时间和粉碎粒度等进行单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定了长梗黄精主根与须根多糖提取的最佳工艺条件,即对长梗黄精主根多糖的提取最佳条件为乙醇浓度80％、浸提温度80℃、浸提时间50min、颗粒大小40目,此时多糖提取率为18.754％;而对长梗黄精须根多糖的提取最佳条件为乙醇浓度70％、浸提温度60℃、浸提时间30min、颗粒大小80目,此时多糖提取率为16.652％.须根多糖含量与主根含量差异性不显著,故须根的利用价值也很高,有待开发利用.     

Evaluating weather effects on interannual variation in net ecosystem productivity of a coastal temperate forest landscape: A model intercomparison

Forest productivity is strongly affected by seasonal weather patterns and by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. However weather effects on forest productivity are not currently represented in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3 used in national forest C accounting programs. To evaluate different approaches to modelling these effects, a model intercomparison was conducted among CBM-CFS3 and four process models (ecosys, CN-CLASS, Can-IBIS and 3PG) over a 2500 ha landscape in the Oyster River (OR) area of British Columbia, Canada. The process models used local weather data to simulate net primary productivity (NPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and net biome productivity (NBP) from 1920 to 2005. Other inputs used by the process and inventory models were generated from soil, land cover and disturbance records. During a period of intense disturbance from 1928 to 1943, simulated NBP diverged considerably among the models. This divergence was attributed to differences among models in the sizes of detrital and humus C stocks in different soil layers to which a uniform set of soil C transformation coefficients was applied during disturbances. After the disturbance period, divergence in modelled NBP among models was much smaller, and attributed mainly to differences in simulated NPP caused by different approaches to modelling weather effects on productivity. In spite of these differences, age-detrended variation in annual NPP and NEP of closed canopy forest stands was negatively correlated with mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September (T_amax) in all process models (R² = 0.4-0.6), indicating that these correlations were robust. The negative correlation between T_amax and NEP was attributed to different processes in different models, which were tested by comparing CO₂ fluxes from these models with those measured by eddy covariance (EC) under contrasting air temperatures (T_a). The general agreement in sensitivity of annual NPP to T_amax among the process models led to the development of a generalized algorithm for weather effects on NPP of coastal temperate coniferous forests for use in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3: NPP′ = NPP − 57.1 (T_amax − 18.6), where NPP and NPP′ are the current and temperature-adjusted annual NPP estimates from the inventory-based model, 18.6 is the long-term mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September, and T_amax is the mean value for the current year. Our analysis indicated that the sensitivity of NPP to T_amax was nonlinear, so that this algorithm should not be extrapolated beyond the conditions of this study. However the process-based methodology to estimate weather effects on NPP and NEP developed in this study is widely applicable to other forest types and may be adopted for other inventory based forest carbon cycle models.     

我国中亚热带人工林水热通量对干旱差异响应的模拟研究

季节性干旱现象在我国中亚热带地区时有发生,为了研究该区域大气-生态系统之间的相互作用关系及其碳水收支状况,2002年起在江西省千烟洲（26.7°N,115.1°E）人工林生态系统建立了通量观测塔。2003年7月该人工林生态系统遭遇了历史上少有的高温少雨天气,本研究应用基于生理生态学过程的EALCO（Ecological Assimilation of Land and Climate Observation）模型及2003和2004年通量观测数据对该生态系统的水热通量进行了模拟,同时分析了干旱胁迫对它们产生的影响。结果显示,模型能够很好的模拟该生态系统的能量通量的日变化,净辐射、显热和潜热通量模拟值与实测值相关系数的平方（R2）及标准差分别为0.99和8.05 W.m-2;0.81和41.02 W.m-2;0.90和31.49 W.m-2,模型可以解释87%的日蒸散量的变化。从模拟结果看,2003年7月下旬（发生较严重干旱胁迫）较2004年同期（干旱程度轻）相比,冠层及土壤水势下降约2倍,植物蒸腾的日变化形式改变,根系吸水滞后冠层蒸腾的时间缩短约半小时,冠层导度下降40%～60%。模拟与观测结果均表明,2003年7月下旬每天正午的波文比大都介于1～2.2,而2004年同期正午的波文比则介于0.2～0.6。EALCO模型通过Ball模型将植物碳水过程耦合在一起,从而可以很好的模拟植物的气孔行为,进而准确的模拟植物水热过程对干旱的响应。土壤水分匮乏对冠层导度的限制是2003年干旱期间冠层潜热通量模拟值下降的根本原因。     

重金属和油处理剂对水稻根系的影响

试验了Ｎｉ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｓｎ、Ｃｒ和Ｃｕ等６种重金属及油处理剂对水稻根系的影响，结果表明．水中含Ｎｉ０．００７ｍｇ／１、Ｃｕ０．００５ｍｇ／１时，能阻碍根系的伸长；含Ｚｎ０．５ｍｇ／１以上时。不利于根系的伸长；水中含Ｍｎ２０ｍｇ／１，Ｓｎ、Ｃｒ￣（６－）各５ｍｇ／１时，对根系有明显危害；水中含Ｃｒ￣（２＋）＋Ｃｒ￣（６＋）时，当１种离子浓度保持不变，根系的抑制程度随着另１种离子浓度的增加而增大。水中含油处理剂１０００ｍｇ／１时，能抑制水稻发根。     

The Root System of Larix sukaczewii Dyl. in the Polluted Environment of the Ufa Industrial Center

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

Influence of environment and substrate quality on the decomposition of wetland plant root in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

The litterbag method was used to study the decomposition of wetland plant root in three wetlands along a water level gradient in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China.These wetlands are Calamagrostis angustifolia(C.aa),Carex meyeriana(C.ma)and Carex lasiocarpa (C.la).The objective of our study is to evaluate the influence of environment and substrate quality on decomposition rates in the three wetlands.Calico material was used as a standard substrate to evaluate environmental influences.Roots native to each we...     

Enhanced adaptability of Sesbania rostrata to Pb/Zn tailings via stem nodulation

Sesbania rostrata is wellknown for its stem nodulation, but the roles of stem nodulation in root nodulation and adaptation of S. rostrata to Pb/Zn-enriched tailings environment has been poorly understood. We investigated the e ects of inoculating (with stem nodule treatment) and non-inoculating (without stem nodule treatment) Azorhizobium caulinodans on the growth, root nodulation, and N fixation of S. rostrata grown on three di erent types of soil substrata: Pb/Zn tailings, garden soil amended tailings, and garden soil. The results showed that plant height, stem basal diameter, biomass, chlorophyll content, nitrogen content and N-accumulation per plant were 2.3%–4.9%, 2.2%–7.7%, 27.8%–72.2%, 17.1%–23.5%, 12.3%–34.2%, and 43.1%–131.2%, respectively, higher in treatments with stem nodule than those without stem nodule for the same soil substrate. With respect to soil substrata, all measurements had consistently higher values in tailings than in amended tailings and garden soil, indicating that the poorer the soil condition, the greater the contribution of stem nodule. In contrast, the number and fresh weight of root nodules on plants without stem nodule were 6.9–11.6 times and 5.8–29.0 times higher than those with stem nodule, respectively, especially with respect to the plants grew on Pb/Zn tailings. In general, stem nodulation favored plant growth and nitrogen fixation of S. rostrata, but suppressed root nodulation. With the ability of stem and root nodulation, S. rostrata can be used as a pioneer plant species for remediation of Pb/Zn tailings.