Iron (Fe2+)-induced toxicity produces morphological and physiological changes in roots in Panax ginseng grown in hydroponics

ABSTRACT

Rusty roots markedly influence on ginseng cultivation, and this phenomenon often attributed to iron (Fe) induced toxicity. To examine the physiological mechanisms underlying Fe-initiated toxicity as evidenced by rusty roots in Panax ginseng, morphological and physiological changes in roots were investigated in hydroponics using Fe²⁺ concentrations of 50 (control), 100, 200, 400 or 600 µM. Compared with control, reddish-brown deposition at the root surface increasingly appeared as Fe²⁺ concentration increased (≥200 µM). The pH also rose as Fe levels were elevated. Higher external Fe²⁺ concentrations produced changes in root organelles and cell structures. Structural alterations in mitochondria due to excess Fe storage, protoplast shrinkage and cell vacuolation as well as formation of central vacuole with deposits in roots were observed. In addition, apparent cell wall thickening, cell wall folding and shrinkage, damage of cell membranes and a large amount of cell debris occurred at higher external Fe²⁺ concentrations (≥400 µM). The Fe²⁺ mediated damage resulting in morphological and physiological changes in ginseng roots was concentration and pH dependent.     

Are shocks to natural gas consumption transitory or permanent? A more powerful panel unit root test on the G7 countries

This article re‐examines the persistence in natural gas consumption using an alternative methodology. We compare the results of traditional panel unit root tests with those provided by Bahmani‐Oskooee et al., which allow for both sharp and smooth breaks. Our analysis uses data for the G7 countries over the 1965–2016 years. The empirical findings show that while traditional unit root tests with sharp breaks lean towards the non‐stationarity of the series for all the G7 countries, modeling breaks in our unit root testing methodology can assert that natural gas consumption is non‐stationary only for Canada, France, Italy, and USA. These results imply that, for the majority of our sample, energy demand management policies designed to shrink energy consumption will have temporary effects, as energy consumption will return to its trend path.     

Dissolution of different zinc salts and Zn uptake by Sedum alfredii and maize in mono- and co-cropping under hydroponic culture

Previous soil pot and field experiments demonstrated that co-cropping the hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii with maize increased Zn phytoextraction by S. alfredii and decreased Zn uptake by maize shoots. This hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate whether the facilitation of Zn phytoextraction by S. alfredii resulted from improved dissolution in this co-cropping system and its relation to root exudates. S. alfredii and maize were mono-and co-cropped (without a root barrier) in nutrient solution spiked with four Zn compounds, ZnS, ZnO, Zn3(PO4)2 and 5ZnO·2CO3·4H2O (represented as ZnCO3 ) at 1000 mg/L Zn for 15 days without renewal of nutrient solution after pre-culture. The root exudates were collected under incomplete sterilization and analyzed. The results indicated that the difference in Zn salts had a greater influence on the Zn concentration in maize than for S. alfredii, varying from 210-2603 mg/kg for maize shoots and 6445-12476 mg/kg for S. alfredii in the same order: ZnCO3 > ZnO >Zn3(PO4)2 > ZnS. For the four kinds of Zn sources in this experiment, co-cropping with maize did not improve Zn phytoextraction by S. alfredii. In most cases, compared to co-cropped and mono-cropped maize, mono-cropped S. alfredii resulted in the highest Zn2+ concentration in the remaining nutrient solution, and also had a higher total concentration of low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOA) and lower pH of root exudation. Root exudates did partly influence Zn hyperaccumulation in S. alfredii.     

南荻对土壤铅污染的耐性与吸收积累研究

通过土壤盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度梯度pb2＋胁迫下南获整个生长发育周期的生长、土壤理化性状的变化以及不同生长阶段的根系固定重金属含量变化的过程,结果表明：（1）种植南获植物的土壤pH值随着月份的变化呈减小趋势;（2）种植南获的土壤中铅随植物的生长逐渐减少;（3）南获对重金属铅的积累顺序为：根〉叶〉茎,对土壤中重金属的修复机理主要是通过根系固定作用。     

芘胁迫对5种羊茅属植物根系分泌的几类低分子量有机物的影响

根系分泌物与有机污染物的植物修复过程密切相关,研究胁迫条件下不同修复潜力植物根系分泌物的释放特征有助于揭示植物修复的内在机制.借助根际袋土培试验研究了芘胁迫(10~160 mg·kg~(-1))下5种羊茅属植物在不同胁迫期(30~70d)时根系分泌物中几种低分子量有机物的释放特征.结果表明:1芘胁迫促进了根系对可溶性糖的分泌:随着胁迫水平的升高、胁迫期的延长,其分泌量呈"先升后降"变化趋势,胁迫水平为C3(40.36 mg·kg~(-1))、胁迫期为40 d时达到最大值;修复潜力越大,趋势越明显.2芘胁迫增强了根系对低分子量有机酸的释放,修复潜力越大,释放高峰值出现时的胁迫浓度越高,且主要以草酸、乙酸、乳酸和苹果酸为主(98.15%),但修复潜力较强物种的根系分泌物中也检测到微量反丁烯二酸.3芘胁迫对氨基酸的种类影响不大,但对分泌量影响较大:苏氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸的分泌量随着胁迫水平的升高而剧增;脯氨酸、羟脯氨酸和天冬氨酸对芘胁迫的响应近乎以功能群的形式参与植物修复过程,参与的组分越多,修复潜力越强.可见,芘胁迫下根系分泌物中可溶性糖、低分子量有机酸以及氨基酸的释放特征与植物自身的修复潜力有关;修复潜力越强,释放量越多且成分越复杂,并表现出更强的环境适应性及生理可塑性.     

模拟湿地植物根系分泌物对酸性矿山废水沉淀物中Fe、Mn释放及形态的影响

为研究人工湿地处理酸性矿山废水(acid mine drainage,AMD)系统中植物根系分泌物对根际环境沉淀物中Fe、Mn活性的影响,评估人工湿地处理AMD时对Fe、Mn固持作用的稳定性及可靠性,选用植物根系分泌物中常见的柠檬酸、苹果酸及草酸来模拟植物根系分泌物对沉淀物中Fe、Mn的释放及形态影响。结果表明:3种有机酸对根际环境沉淀物中Fe、Mn的释放均产生不同程度的影响,相同浓度下的有机酸对Fe的影响顺序为:柠檬酸>苹果酸>草酸,对Mn的影响顺序为:柠檬酸>草酸>苹果酸。随着有机酸浓度的增加,沉淀物中Fe、Mn的释放量逐渐增加,且Fe的释放量大于Mn。形态分析结果表明,在有机酸参与前沉淀物中Fe、Mn主要以可还原态形式存在,当添加3种不同浓度的有机酸后,沉淀物中的可还原态Fe、Mn极不稳定,易向可交换态发生转变,而残渣态与可氧化态则较为稳定,说明沉淀物中残渣态与可氧化态的Fe、Mn在人工湿地中是Fe、Mn去除的重要途径。     

狼尾草根系分泌物对黑土吸附阿特拉津的影响研究

采用批量平衡试验方法,研究狼尾草根系分泌物对黑土吸附阿特拉津的影响.结果用Evolich方程(R2>0.97)和准二级动力学模型(R2>0.99)进行拟合,两者都表现出较好拟合度.用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程描述土壤吸附阿特拉津的过程,其中,Freundlich方程拟合结果较好(R2>0.91),而Langmuir方程中R2<0.60,加入狼尾草根系分泌物后,吸附平衡常数Kf明显减小,参数1/n增大到1左右,属于较难吸附,表明狼尾草根系分泌物对阿特拉津可能有抑制作用,且根系分泌物浓度不同,影响程度不同.     

Effects of simulated acid rain on root growth of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba saplings planted in acidified soil

Results from pot culture (with one-year old Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba) are described. It was found that the biomass production and elongation of C. lanceolata was seriously inhibited at pH 2.0 rain, but for S. superba, was not affected markedly. When pH values of experimental rain were higher than 2.0, the root growth of both species was not adversely affected. Aluminium had already accumulated to some degrees in the roots of both trees, and started to affect the root growth of C. lanceolata at pH 2.0 rain. The soil chemistry was also examined. Increased acidity of experimental rain increased the leaching of Ca and Mg. The Al/Ca mol ratio increased from 0.3 to 0.9 in top soil, and in rhizosphere to 1.5 when the pH values of simulated acid rain were 4.5 to 2.0. In this experiment, NO₃- fertilization effect was discovered.     

不同有机质含量的土壤中DDT对小麦根系的生物有效性

对不同有机质含量的土壤中，分别选用水、正己烷、正己烷／丙酮混合溶剂作为DDT的提取剂，用这3种提取剂逐级连续提取，研究了这3级提取剂所提取的DDT量的差别及其与小麦根吸收的关系。结果表明，有机氯的水提取量随土壤D0c的增加而上升，正己烷提取量随土壤TOC的增加而下降，正己烷／丙酮提取量随土壤TOC的增加而上升。根吸收与水提取量没有确定的关系，但与正己烷提取量具正相关关系，与正己烷／丙酮提取量有负相关关系。     

链格孢菌毒素细交链孢菌酮酸对蚕豆根尖细胞微核和有丝分裂的影响

利用蚕豆根尖为材料,研究了链格孢菌毒素细交链孢菌酮酸对细胞微核和有丝分裂的影响,以评价其细胞遗传毒性.结果表明,当浓度为12.5～50μg/mL时,细交链孢菌酮酸对蚕豆根尖细胞微核率和有丝分裂指数不产生显著影响,微核率低于3‰,有丝分裂指数超过9.5%.浓度升高到100～400μg/mL时,细交链孢菌酮酸使蚕豆根尖细胞微核率显著升高,有丝分裂指数显著下降,其中,400μg/mL时,微核率高达36.01‰,有丝分裂指数仅为1.90%.当细交链孢菌酮酸浓度为12.5～100μg/mL时,与对照相比,蚕豆根尖细胞多核仁率无显著差异,多核仁率低于3‰;浓度升高到200～400μg/mL时,细胞多核仁率显著升高,400μg/mL时,多核仁率高达26.10‰.