Tidal salt marsh sediment in California, USA. Part 2: occurrence and anthropogenic input of trace metals

Surface sediment samples (0–5 cm) from 5 tidal salt marshes along the coast in California, USA were analyzed to investigate the occurrence and anthropogenic input of trace metals. Among study areas, Stege Marsh located in the central San Francisco Bay was the most contaminated marsh. Concentrations of metals in Stege Marsh sediments were higher than San Francisco Bay ambient levels. Zinc (55.3–744 μg g⁻¹) was the most abundant trace metal and was followed by lead (26.6–273 μg g⁻¹). Aluminum normalized enrichment factors revealed that lead was the most anthropogenically impacted metal in all marshes. Enrichment factors of lead in Stege Marsh ranged from 8 to 49 (median = 16). Sediments from reference marshes also had high enrichment factors (2–8) for lead, indicating that lead contamination is ubiquitous, possibly due to continuous input from atmospherically transported lead that was previously used as a gasoline additive. Copper, silver, and zinc in Stege Marsh were also enriched by anthropogenic input. Though nickel concentrations in Stege Marsh and reference marshes exceeded sediment quality guidelines, enrichment factors indicated nickel from anthropogenic input was negligible. Presence of nickel-rich source rock such as serpentinite in the San Francisco Bay watershed can explain high levels of nickel in this area. Coefficients of variation were significantly different between anthropogenically impacted and non-impacted metals and might be used as a less conservative indicator for anthropogenic input of metals when enrichment factors are not available.     

湿热盐雾大气环境印制电路板防护棚下试验研究

目的 试验研究不同防护工艺的印制电路板在湿热盐雾大气环境下的适应性。方法 结合无防护试件,在严苛的濒海棚下环境开展4种印制电路板防护工艺的暴露试验,通过观察电路板外观,测量计算绝缘电阻、介质耐压、品质因数,以及扫描电镜、能谱分析等技术手段评价印制电路板防护工艺的性能。结果 濒海棚下环境中,无防护印制电路板腐蚀严重,电气性能显著下降。改性硅、有机硅三防漆防护的印制电路板在整个试验周期内腐蚀程度轻微,电气性能较好,表面涂层仅存在轻微起泡现象。丙烯酸三防漆防护印制电路板防护性能不稳定,印制电路板出现腐蚀现象,品质因数总体低于改性硅、有机硅三防漆防护。聚氨酯三防漆防护印制电路板在电气测试性能中表现良好,但涂层出现太多破损、起泡等缺陷,铜导线出现异常生锈现象。在介质耐压测试中,多周期呈现击穿状态。结论 在濒海区域棚下湿热盐雾环境中,涂覆有机硅、改性硅三防漆的印制电路板防护状态最好,可优先选择作为防护手段。     

MEASURED AND CREAMS-PREDICTED NITROGEN LOSSES FROM TOMATO AND CORN MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS1

Nitrogen runoff and leaching losses from two tomato and four corn field plots were compared to model predictions by CREAMS, a field-scale model for Chemicals, Runoff, and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems. The tomato treatments were (1) trickle irrigation with one-half of applied N at preplant and one-half of applied N through the trickle irrigation system and (2) overhead sprinkler irrigation with one-half of applied N at preplant and one-half of applied N in two equal sidedressings. The corn treatments consisted of multiple N applications, minimum tillage, and “conventional” management. Soil type appeared to influence the ability of CREAMS to predict seasonal trends and treatment influences. Model predictions for N losses from tomato and corn treatments that were located on sandy soils often disagreed with measured values. Treatment influences and seasonal trends for N losses from corn treatments that were located on a higher clay content soil were more satisfactorily predicted by CREAMS. Even though model input parameter estimation and measurement techniques may be imperfect, the simulation ability of CREAMS for predicting N leaching losses from systems on deep sands probably needs to be improved. Sensitivity analyses indicated that annual NC₃^?-N leaching loss predictions were either minimally or not affected by changes in saturated hydraulic conductivity. Input estimations of the fraction of soil pore space filled at field capacity and soil organic matter were inversely related to annual NO₃^?-N leaching losses, while potential mineralizable N was directly related to yearly N leaching losses.     

放射性废树脂聚合物水泥固化的试验研究

聚合物水泥用于放射性废离子交换树脂水泥固化工艺,利用其防水性能抑制废树脂的溶胀,降低水泥固化体中放射性核素^137Cs、^90Sr浸出率,提高了废树脂包容率和处置的安全性。     

Soluble Mineral Content in Surficial Alluvium and Associated Mancos Shale1

ABSTRACT: The Mancos Shale area of the Upper Colorado River basin produces large quantities of solutes. In order to develop an understanding of the mechanism of salt production and to determine the source of salinity, a study of the soluble mineral content (SMC) of Mancos Shale and associated alluvium was undertaken. SMC is highly variable in alluvium and associated surficial Mancos Shale. However, lithomorphological units can be identified in terms of their SMC. Results from this study demonstrate that crusts are leached in deep alluvial fills and they contain somewhat less soluble minerals than underlying Mancos Shale on hillslopes. The crusts are saline, sometimes efflorescent, in shale bedrock channels or where channels abutt against the shale. SMC increases in alluvium with decrease in depth of alluvial fill, does not vary significantly with depth in deep of alluvial fills, and increases with depth in shallow ones.     

盐碱胁迫对水稻幼苗中基因差异表达的影响

为了阐明已分离的盐碱适应性相关基因(Liuetal, 2000)的表达特性,以14d叶龄的水稻品种日本晴幼苗为材料,分别经NaHCO3 (60mmol/L,pH8. 50) )处理6h、12h、24h、48h, 及不同pH值(pH4. 50, 6. 50, 8. 50, 10. 50)的NaCl(100mmol/L), NaHCO3 (60mmol/L)和Na2CO3 (30mmol/L)处理24h, 以分析时间效应及浓度与pH值间的联合效应. 结果表明,与对照(H2O, pH6. 50)相比较,NaHCO3 (60mmol/L)处理6h、12h、24h、48h后,mitochondrialAT Pase6×103的转录本分别提高2. 73、0. 82、0. 01和1. 79倍;cAPX转录本在24h和48h较对照提高1. 17和1. 49倍;处理6h后CA和HSP90基因表达受显著抑制;UDPG-GT增强表达的滞后期为6h;thioredoxin受NaHCO3轻微抑制.不同pH值和24h处理条件下,NaHCO3和Na2CO3显著促进mitochondrialATPase6×103基因表达.CA基因表达受Na 、HCO-3 和pH的共同影响;而thioredoxin主要受Na 和pH的双重影响; cAPX也表现出类似趋势.UDPG-GT在Na2CO3处理中表达量最高,HSP90的表达随pH的升高而降低. 图6表2参13     

碳酸化对不同碱度飞灰中重金属的长期影响

通过对不同地区生活垃圾焚烧飞灰进行碳酸化处理,采用XRF,SEM以及XRD分析飞灰理化特性,通过pH值测定、重金属浸出实验以及重金属形态分析探究CO₂对不同焚烧飞灰中超标重金属Zn、Pb、Cd的长期影响研究.结果表明,由于焚烧过程中烟气排放限值降低需喷入大量氢氧化钙等脱酸剂,导致焚烧飞灰呈现不同碱度特性.根据醋酸缓冲溶液法浸出实验后的飞灰浸出液pH值,将飞灰分为“酸灰”与“碱灰”,并对两类飞灰进行长期碳酸化实验.对比碳酸化前后飞灰中重金属的浸出毒性,“酸灰”中重金属浸出毒性远大于“碱灰”,但是碳酸化处置后“酸灰”中重金属Zn、Cd的浸出浓度分别降低10%~18%和9%~30%;“碱灰”中重金属Zn和Cd的浸出浓度显著增大,且浸出浓度最大超过《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》的1.46与63.2倍;碳酸化对“酸灰”与“碱灰”中的两性重金属Pb的浸出不具有规律性,但总体而言,碳酸化对“碱灰”中重金属Pb的影响更大.最后通过BCR连续分级提取法分析碳酸化前后飞灰中重金属形态的变化规律,碳酸化后,“酸灰”中重金属Zn、Cd的浸出浓度受到T4赋存占比增加的影响呈下降趋势,但部分样品中T1赋存占比有增加现象,说明此类重金属仍存在浸出风险,而“碱灰”碳酸化后重金属Zn、Cd的浸出浓度受到T1赋存占比增加的影响呈增加趋势.因此在填埋处置前应重点关注不同碱度飞灰中的重金属浸出特性,为飞灰长期稳定填埋提供保障.     

有机磷和无机磷材料修复铅污染土壤

近年来,城市工业污染场地严重威胁着人居环境安全,其中土壤铅污染问题比较突出。为加强对铅污染土壤的风险管控,采取磷酸氢二钠（DSP）和植酸（PA）钝化处理铅污染土壤,采用BCR形态分析法和固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法-醋酸缓冲溶液法（HJ/T 300—2007）评价土壤铅赋存化学形态和浸出毒性。结果表明：DSP与PA对污染土壤pH的影响差异比较明显,但均能有效降低污染土壤的铅浸出浓度,并满足生活垃圾填埋场入场标准限值（0.25 mg?L^?1）;随添加比例增加,DSP与PA均能促使土壤中铅元素由活泼态（酸可提取态和可还原态）向稳定态（残渣态）转变,且PA钝化效果优于DSP;两种磷材料处理后的土壤浸出毒性与酸可提取态均表现出显著相关性,同样地,PA优于DSP。可见,PA对铅污染土壤具有良好的固铅作用。     

库车坳陷复合盐层高密度环保钻井液技术研究

通过对处理剂环保性能评价及作用效果优选、高密度环保钻井液配方及其钻井液的流变性、失水性、抗温性、抑制性、抗污染等综合性能评价等一系列实验研究,形成了一套适合山前构造带的环保钻井液体系。该钻井液具有无毒、易降解、密度高(2.0g/cm3和2.3g/cm3)、高温高压失水低、流变性好、抗高温可达130～140℃,性能稳定,抑制性、润滑性能好,抗污染能力强,既能够满足复合盐层钻井工程需求,又具环保性能好的特点。     

稳定流场饱和均质土壤中农药淋溶动态预报模式的探讨

基于对流-弥散方程(CDE)的解和传递函数模型(TFM)中呈对数正态分布的溶质迁移时间的概率密度函数，构造了稳定流场饱和砂质壤土中仅考虑吸附作用时农药淋溶动态的预报模式。建立该模式的思路首先是利用示踪剂的穿透曲线，由CDE的解析解反求水动力弥散系数；再针对不同的阻滞因子通过求解CDE正问题的数学实验，生成农药穿透曲线的模拟值，接着应用对数正态概率密度函数拟合得到相应于不同阻滞因子的农药迁移时间的均值和方差，结果表明：均值与阻滞因子为乘幂函数的关系，而方差随阻滞因子的变化甚小，且不同流速下农药迁移时间的均值与方差随阻滞因子的变化亦呈现相同的规律，通过农药阿特拉津的淋溶实验对该模式的预报精度进行了检验。