四种重金属离子对河川沙塘鳢早期发育的毒性影响

以早期发育阶段河川沙塘鳢(包括胚胎和初孵仔鱼)为研究材料,研究Hg2+、Cr6+、Zn2+和Cu2+4种重金属离子对其的毒性影响.结果表明,4种重金属离子对河川沙塘鳢早期发育死亡率和孵化率影响大小依次为Hg2+ ＞Cu2+＞Zn2+ ＞Cr6+,沙塘鳢在神经胚期和出膜仔鱼期的死亡率较高,且在重金属离子处理初期,大多数低...     

Seaweed secondary metabolites as antifoulants: effects of Dictyota spp. diterpenes on survivorship, settlement, and development of marine invertebrate larvae

Summary. A recent investigation showed that the brown seaweed Dictyota menstrualis was unfouled relative to co-occurring seaweeds, and that larvae of fouling invertebrates avoided settling on D. menstrualis due to chemicals on its surface. The secondary metabolites dictyol E and pachydictyol A are among the compounds found on this alga's surface. In the present study, we tested the effects of specific diterpenes from Dictyota on the survivorship, growth, and development of invertebrate larvae and developing juveniles that could foul seaweeds. Exposure to dictyol E, dictyol B acetate, pachydictyol A, and dictyodial from Dictyota menstrualis and D. ciliolata caused significant larval mortality, abnormal development, and reduce growth rates for three species of co-occurring invertebrates when their larvae were forced into contact with these metabolites. Larvae were damaged at metabolite concentrations as low as 5% of maximum possible surface concentrations of these compounds for the populations of Dictyota we studied. The negative effects of these secondary metabolites on potential foulers, in conjunction with data demonstrating larval avoidance of dictyol-covered surfaces, suggest that these compounds could function as chemical defenses against fouling, and could select for larvae that avoid hosts producing these metabolites. Received 25 May 1998; accepted 22 June 1998.     

氯苯对斑马鱼胚胎发育和仔鱼的毒性效应研究

选取健康的雌雄斑马鱼按1:1或1:2的比例进行交配产卵。采用静态法,以丙酮为助溶剂,分别用不同浓度的CB进行斑马鱼受精卵和刚平衡游动仔鱼的暴露试验,记录胚胎孵化数和胚胎、仔鱼畸形数以及仔鱼死亡数。不同浓度的CB可导致斑马鱼胚胎孵化率降低及孵出的仔鱼畸形率增加,且毒性呈现剂量-效应关系。当CB浓度高于0.88μg/L时,斑马鱼胚胎及其孵出的仔鱼畸形率开始增加;当CB为108.9μg/L时,暴露24 h的胚胎出现全致畸效应。能平衡游动的斑马仔鱼对CB的毒性也很敏感,24 h、72 h和96 h的LC50值分别为95.35、80.51和62.28μg/L;110.0μg/L CB使处理24 h的仔鱼全部死亡。较低浓度的CB就使斑马鱼胚胎发育畸形;其对仔鱼的毒性也很显著,达到一定浓度可使其死亡。     

Impact of different benthic animals on phosphorus dynamics across the sediment-water interface

As a diagenetic progress, bioturbation influences solute exchange across the sediment-water interface (SWI). Different benthic animals have various mechanical activities in sediment, thereby they may have different effects on solute exchange across the SWI. This laboratory study examined the impacts of different benthic animals on phosphorus dynamics across the SWI. Tubificid worms and Chironomidae larvae were introduced as model organisms which, based on their mechanical activities, belong to upward-conveyors and gallery-diffusers, respectively. The microcosm simulation study was carried out with a continuous flow culture system, and all sediment, water, and worms and larvae specimens were sampled from Taihu Lake, China. To compare their bioturbation effects, the same biomass (17.1 g wet weight (ww)/m2) was adopted for worms and larvae.Worms altered no oxygen penetration depth in sediment, while larvae increased the O2 penetration depth, compared to the control treatment. Their emergence also enhanced sediment O2 uptake. The oxidation of ferrous iron in pore water produced ferric iron oxyhydroxides that adsorbed soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) from the overlying water and pore water. Larvae built obviously oxidized tubes with about 2 mm diameter and the maximum length of 6 cm in sediment, and significantly decreased ferrous iron and SRP in the pore water compared to the control and worms treatments. Worms constructed no visually-oxidized galleries in the sediment in contrast to larvae, and they did not significantly alter SRP in the pore water relative to the control treatment. The adsorption of ferric iron oxyhydroxides to SRP caused by worms and larvae inhibited SRP release from sediment. Comparatively, worms inhibited more SRP release than larvae based on the same biomass, as they successively renewed the ferric iron oxyhydroxides rich oxidation layer through their deposition.     

长江口及邻近水域春季鱼卵仔鱼分布与环境因子的关系

根据2001~2003年间,每年5月长江口及邻近水域现场调查资料,分析了鱼卵仔鱼分布的年际变化特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果显示:鱼卵仔鱼的数量三年间的年际变化起伏较大,2002年为鱼卵高峰期,2003年为仔鱼峰值期。鱼卵以东经122°15′为界,呈现东少西多的分布格局,仔鱼则以30°45′为界,呈南少北多的分布趋势。盐度相对水温对鱼卵所产生的效应更为明显,水温较盐度则是影响仔鱼的更重要因子。长江径流量变动对鱼卵仔鱼数量和分布产生一定的影响。浮游桡足类与鱼卵仔鱼的摄食关系决定了其丰度变化影响着鱼卵仔鱼的数量变动。     

Biological exposure models for oil spill impact analysis

1　ＢｒｉｅｆｄｅｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎｏｆｏｉｌｓｐｉｌｌｉｍｐａｃｔａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｓｙｓｔｅｍＡｓｌｏｎｇａｓｃｒｕｄｅｏｉｌｓａｒｅ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｏｆｆｓｈｏｒｅａｎｄｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｅｄａｃｒｏｓｓｔｈｅｓｅａｓｂｙｓｈｉｐｓｏｒｐｉｐｅｌｉｎｅｓ,ｔｈｅｒｅｉｓａｒｉｓｋｏｆｏｉｌｓｐｉｌｌｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｔｏｃａｕｓｅｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｄａｍａｇｅ .Ｔｈｅ“ＥｘｘｏｎＶａｌｄｅｚ”ｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｔｉｎＡｌａｓｋａ ,ａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒｏｉ…     

华山松松茎象幼虫的危害及其防治研究

华山松松茎象是南岳景区松树上新发现的一种重要害虫,该虫严重危害华山松和黑松.本文介绍了其幼虫的取食危害特点及防治方法.该虫幼虫取食华山松和黑松的韧皮部,同时取食新鲜的松脂,越冬后的幼虫仅靠取食新鲜松脂就能正常发育,并化蛹、羽化.单株虫口数量与松树树干基部直径呈明显正相关,即树干基部直径在10.0~20.0 cm 、20.1~25.0 cm 、25.1~35.0 cm之间的松树,平均单株有虫数量分别为1.0头株-1、1.98头株-1和3.30头.株-1.在5~10月间,采用人工清除幼虫的方法可有效地控制该虫的危害,采用化学药剂防治该虫效果不明显.     

Spatiotemporal distribution of caddis fly larvae <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aethaloptera evanescens</Emphasis> MacLachlan, 1880 (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in the Selenga River

Data on the occurrence, abundance, and biomass of caddis fly larvae Aethaloptera evanescens in the Selenga during the ice periods of 1987–2005 are presented. These insect larvae prefer river stretches with a gravel-sand ground, flow rate of 0.3–0.4 m/s, and depth of 2–3 m. Probable factors determining their distribution in the Selenga in recent years are a considerable drop of water level in the river (1995–2005), the improvement of hydrochemical conditions, and the presence of suspended and drifting erosion materials entering the river as a consequence of sand-gravel mixture excavation between 1980 and 1990.     

三峡水库支流小江鱼类早期资源现状

分别于2017年和2018年的5—7月在三峡库区支流小江渠口断面开展鱼类早期资源监测,以了解小江变动回水区鱼类早期资源现状。监测结果表明:共采集到7种产漂流性卵鱼类的鱼卵以及7种仔鱼;采集的鱼卵以似鳊(Pseudobrama simoni)、银(Squalidus argentatus)、翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)和蒙古鲌(Culter mongolicus)为主,而仔鱼则以子陵吻虎鱼(Rhinogobius giurinus)为主;不同年份主要产卵活动发生的时间存在差异;小江渠口镇铺溪村至汉丰湖调节坝之间江段共分布集中产卵场3处。小江变动回水区江段是产漂流性卵鱼类产卵场的分布区域,建议加强该江段生境和鱼类资源保护管理。     

4-n-Nonylphenol and 17-β estradiol may induce common DNA effects in developing barnacle larvae

There is a growing concern over the potential effects of environmental endocrine disrupters on both human and wildlife populations. However, to date, minimal research has been conducted to determine the effect of estrogens and xenoestrogens at the DNA level. In this study, we used the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay to evaluate the effects on the genomic DNA of barnacle larvae that had been exposed to 17β-estradiol (E₂) and low concentrations of 4-n-nonylphenol (NP). DNA effects include DNA damage as well as mutations and possibly other effects at the DNA level that can be induced by chemical or physical agents that directly and/or indirectly interact with genomic DNA. Not only did exposure to NP and E₂ induce changes in RAPD profiles in the exposed barnacle larvae when compared to control patterns, but also, and more importantly, there were similarities in the RAPD modifications in the exposed populations that had been treated to either chemical. We propose that NP and E₂ induced some common DNA effects in barnacle larvae and that these specific modifications in RAPD patterns may arise as a consequence of hot spot DNA damage (e.g. DNA adducts) and/or mutations (point mutations or genomic rearrangements). This could help to explain how xenoestrogens mimic the effects produced by natural estrogens. In conclusion, in the field of endocrine disruption, the study of DNA effects induced by estrogens and/or xenoestrogens warrants further investigation. Indeed, changes at the DNA level may be the precursors of some of the numerous effects reported at higher levels of biological organisation such as the feminization of males, developmental abnormalities, and infertility.