TRANSIENT STORAGE ASSESSMENTS OF DYE‐TRACER INJECTIONS IN RIVERS OF THE WILLAMETTE BASIN,OREGON1

ABSTRACT: Rhodamine WT dye‐tracer injections in rivers of the Willamette Basin yield concentration‐time curves with characteristically long recession times suggestive of active transient storage processes. The scale of drainage areas contributing to the stream reaches studied in the Willamette Basin ranges from 10 to 12,000 km². A transient storage assessment of the tracer studies has been completed using the U.S. Geological Survey's One‐dimensional Transport with Inflow and Storage (OTIS) model, which incorporates storage exchange and decay functions along with the traditional dispersion and advection transport equation. The analysis estimates solute transport of the dye. It identifies first‐order decay coefficients to be on the order of 10^?5/sec for the nonconservative Rhodamine W.T. On an individual subreach basis, the first‐order decay is slower (typically by an order of magnitude) than the transient storage process, indicating that nonconservative tracers may be used to evaluate transient storage in rivers. In the transient storage analysis, a dimensionless parameter (A_s/A) expresses the spatial extent of storage zone area relative to stream cross section. In certain reaches of Willamette Basin pool‐and‐riffle, gravel‐bed rivers, this parameter was as large as 0.5. A measure of the storage exchange flux was calculated for each stream subreach in the simulation analysis. This storage exchange is shown subjectively to be higher at higher stream discharges. Hyporheic linkage between streams and subsurface flows is the probable physical mechanism contributing to a significant part of this inferred active transient storage. Hyporheic linkages are further suggested by detailed measurements of river discharge with an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler system delineating zones in two large rivers where water alternately enters and leaves the surface channels through gravel‐and‐cobble riverbeds. Measurements show patterns of hyporheic exchange that are highly variable in time and space.     

OPTIMAL CONTROL OF RESERVOIR RELEASES TO MINIMIZE SEDIMENTATION IN RIVERS AND RESERVOIRS1

ABSTRACT: An optimal control methodology and computational model are developed to evaluate multi‐reservoir release schedules that minimize sediment scour and deposition in rivers and reservoirs. The sedimentation problem is formulated within a discrete‐time optimal control framework in which reservoir releases represent control variables and reservoir bed elevations, storage levels, and river bed elevations represent state variables. Constraints imposed on reservoir storage levels and releases are accommodated using a penalty function method. The optimal control model consists of two interfaced components: a one‐dimensional finite‐difference simulation module used to evaluate flow hydraulics and sediment transport dynamics, and a successive approximation linear quadratic regulator (SALQR) optimization algorithm used to update reservoir release policies and solve the augmented control problem. Hypothetical two‐reservoir and five‐reservoir networks are used to demonstrate the methodology and its capabilities, which is a vital phase towards the development of a more robust optimal control model and application to an existing multiple‐reservoir river network.     

4种改良剂对紫色土Cd生物有效性及土壤酶活性的影响

探究4种改良剂施用对酸性花椒园土壤有效Cd和花椒各部位Cd含量及土壤酶活性的影响,为紫色土酸化改良及重金属污染治理提供科学依据.采用田间试验,设置不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（F）、石灰+化肥（SF）、有机肥+化肥（OM）、生物炭+化肥（BF）和酒糟灰渣+化肥（JZ）这6个处理,研究不同处理土壤pH、有效态Cd（DTPA-Cd）、花椒枝条、叶片、椒壳、椒籽Cd含量及土壤过氧化氢酶（S-CAT）、酸性磷酸酶（S-ACP）和脲酶（S-UE）活性,阐明其相互关系.结果表明:①酒糟灰渣+化肥和石灰+化肥两处理均显著提高土壤pH（P < 0.05）,分别比对照提高了3.39和2.25个单位;与对照处理相比,酒糟灰渣+化肥处理和石灰+化肥两处理土壤有效态Cd含量分别降低了28.91 %和20.90 %.②酒糟灰渣+化肥处理显著降低了花椒叶片、椒壳和椒籽的Cd含量,降幅分别为31.33 %、30.24 %和34.01 %;花椒各部位对Cd的富集能力不同,具体表现为:叶片 > 枝条 > 椒籽 > 椒壳,与对照相比,酒糟灰渣+化肥处理的花椒各部位富集系数降低最为显著（P < 0.05）,降幅为27.54 %~40.0 %.③改良剂处理下土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性的变化规律相似,相较对照,酒糟灰渣+化肥处理对以上两种酶活性提高最为显著,分别提高了191.26 %和199.50 %,而酸性磷酸酶活性则降低了16.45 %.相关性分析表明,土壤有效Cd含量与土壤pH值呈极显著负相关（P < 0.01）,过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性与土壤pH呈极显著正相关（P < 0.01）,与土壤有效Cd含量呈极显著负相关（P < 0.01）,酸性磷酸酶则完全相反.酸性紫色土壤施用石灰、酒糟灰渣中和土壤酸度效果最显著,在降低土壤有效Cd含量、改善土壤环境的同时,抑制花椒各部位对Cd的吸收和转运,是改良酸性紫色土及防治重金属污染的有效措施.     

水库汞污染研究进展

汞污染是水库环境存在的一个重要问题,本文概述了目前水库汞污染现状、汞的存在形态、汞的迁移转化过程及其动力学模型的研究进展,指出了不足之处,以促进下一步研究。     

苯酚在饱水细砂土层中的迁移转化规律

本文研究苯酚在细砂土层中的迁移转化规律,包括静态吸附、降解及动态土柱实验三部分.实验结果用计算机进行线性拟合和参数估值.研究结果表明:细砂土对苯酚的吸附能力较差而降解能力较强;在好氧条件下,苯酚更易降解;水中存在的其它有机物在一定时间内会影响苯酚的降解,但随着微生物对苯酚逐渐适应,这种影响可被消除。     

人工粘土层在枯水期对小清河氧化塘底质水盐运动的抑制模拟研究

利用实验室土柱模拟装置对枯水条件下盐渍地区氧化塘不同底质土壤结构的水盐运移状况进行了定性模拟研究,结果表明,原底质均质白汤土输水能力较大,蒸发较易发生,因而带动盐分在塘底表面大量累积,维持该水盐运移的最大吸力值为１２０ｃｍ,而经人工改造后,表层有３０ｃｍ粘土覆盖的土壤层结构对水盐运移有强烈的抑制作用,在模拟３个月的蒸发时间内表面没有盐分累积。     

一维平流输送问题的欧拉-泰勒-伽辽金算法及数值试验

介绍了一维常系数平流输送问题的Euler-Taylor-Galerkin(ETG)算法?为获得精确的时间导数,该算法采用了包括二阶和三阶时间导数的前向泰勒级数展开,这些导数值可从空间控制微分方程求出?由此产生一般的时间分离方程?该方程采用标准的Bubnov-Galerkin有限元方法在空间离散化?在使用线性元(帽子函数)和Euler时间差分格式时,可获得精确的Taylor-Galerkin算法?当采用2步显示步骤时,算法为计算效率很高的显式?数值实验结果显示,ETG算法的误差很小,而相误差更可忽略不计,结果令人满意      

Frontier science and challenges on offshore carbon storage

● The main direct seal up carbon options and challenges are reviewed. ● Ocean-based CO₂ replacement for CH₄/oil exploitation is presented. ● Scale-advantage of offshore CCS hub is discussed. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is an imperative, strategic, and constitutive method to considerably reduce anthropogenic CO₂ emissions and alleviate climate change issues. The ocean is the largest active carbon bank and an essential energy source on the Earth’s surface. Compared to oceanic nature-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR), carbon capture from point sources with ocean storage is more appropriate for solving short-term climate change problems. This review focuses on the recent state-of-the-art developments in offshore carbon storage. It first discusses the current status and development prospects of CCS, associated with the challenges and uncertainties of oceanic nature-based CDR. The second section outlines the mechanisms, sites, advantages, and ecologic hazards of direct offshore CO₂ injection. The third section emphasizes the mechanisms, schemes, influencing factors, and recovery efficiency of ocean-based CO₂-CH₄ replacement and CO₂-enhanced oil recovery are reviewed. In addition, this review discusses the economic aspects of offshore CCS and the preponderance of offshore CCS hubs. Finally, the upsides, limitations, and prospects for further investigation of offshore CO₂ storage are presented.     

Heavy Metal Transport in the Hindon River Basin, India

Total mass transfers of heavy metal in dissolved and particulate form has been determined in the downstream section of river Hindon, an important tributary of river Yamuna (India). The contribution of different point sources to the river Hindon has also been assessed. The river Kali has the largest contribution to the river Hindon. The highest metal loads were related to the highest flow of the river and thereby increased both by surface runoff and sediment resuspension. The contribution of monsoon months to the total transported load was also calculated and it was observed that monsoon months contributes more than 40% of total loading annually for all the metals. The metal fluxes from the river Hindon were compared with other rivers of Indian sub-continent.     

Assessment of Air Quality After the Implementation of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as Fuel in Public Transport in Delhi, India

Public transport in Delhi was amended by the Supreme Court of India to use Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) instead of diesel or petrol. After the implementation of CNG since April 2001, Delhi has the highest fraction of CNG-run public vehicles in the world and most of them were introduced within 20 months. In the present study, the concentrations of various criteria air pollutants (SPM, PM₁₀, CO, SO₂ and NO_x) and organic pollutants such as benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were assessed before and after the implementation of CNG. A decreasing trend was found for PAHs, SO₂ and CO concentrations, while the NO_x level was increased in comparison to those before the implementation of CNG. Further, SPM, PM₁₀, and BTX concentrations showed no significant change after the implementation of CNG. However, the BTX concentration demonstrated a clear relation with the benzene content of gasoline. In addition to the impact of the introduction of CNG the daily variation in PAHs levels was also studied and the PAHs concentrations were observed to be relatively high between 10 pm to 6 am, which gives a proof of a relation with the limited day entry and movement of heavy vehicles in Delhi.