吹脱法去除深度脱水污泥水中的氨氮

针对污水处理厂剩余污泥深度脱水污泥水高氨氮、高pH、高碱度的特点,考察了气水比、水温和吹脱时间对其氨氮吹脱效果的影响,分析了吹脱过程中污泥水p H下降和结垢问题。深度脱水污泥水高p H和高碱度的环境有利于氨氮吹脱的顺利进行,而提高气水比和温度均能改善吹脱效率。氨氮吹脱会造成污泥水p H下降,这有助于其后续处理。污泥水吹脱过程中还出现了Ca2+浓度下降和固体物质析出的现象,能谱分析结果显示析出物主要成分为CaCO3。     

Long-shore distribution of morphodynamic beach states along an apparently homogeneous coast in SW Spain

We present a morphodynamic study of an apparently homogeneous rectilinear coast in SW Spain. The study area covers 14 km of mesotidal sandy beaches, interrupted in some places by rocky-shore platforms. The method used consisted of a monthly monitoring of 12 beach profiles during two years. According to the results obtained from the study, which also include granulometric analyses andin situ determination of the beach disturbance depth, three main beach classes have been differentiated: low-reflective beaches, dissipative beaches and rocky-shore platform beaches. Their longitudinal distribution is not linked to their distance to the main source of sediments in the area (mouth of the river Guadalquivir). Instead, a very irregular long-shore variation of morphodynamic beach states appears. It is deduced that this long-shore variation is mainly linked to local contouring conditions (e.g. the presence of rocky shoals which affect wave-breaking processes), and not to the regional long-shore currents prevailing in the zone.     

杭州地区大气气溶胶光学特性高光谱研究

利用ASD地物光谱仪对杭州地区的气溶胶光学特性进行了观测并结合同步观测的太阳分光光度计CE-318的数据对其精度进行检验.分析表明,在时间演变中.杭州市冬季气溶胶光学厚度值比夏季大,气溶胶光学特性的日进程变化比较明显;从空间分异上,杭州不同区域间的差异也比较显著;杭州地区大气的浑浊度系数和波长指数主要分布在0.02～0.2和0.2～2.6之间.在气溶胶光学厚度、浑浊度系数和波长指数等大气环境重要变量中,气溶胶光学厚度和浑浊度系数之间存在正相关,而气溶胶光学厚度和波长指数之间存在负相关.     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

An intensive study on aerosol optical properties and affecting factors in Nanjing, China

The optical properties of aerosol as well as their impacting factors were investigated at a suburb site in Nanjing during autumn from 14 to 28 November 2012. More severe pollution was found together with lower visibility. The average scattering and absorption coefficients(B sca and B abs) were 375.7 ± 209.5 and 41.6 ± 18.7 Mm~(-1), respectively. Higher ?ngstr?m absorption and scattering exponents were attributed to the presence of more aged aerosol with smaller particles. Relative humidity(RH) was a key factor affecting aerosol extinction. High RH resulted in the impairment of visibility, with hygroscopic growth being independent of the dry extinction coefficient. The hygroscopic growth factor was 1.8 ± 1.2 with RH from 19% to 85%.Light absorption was enhanced by organic carbon(OC), elemental carbon(EC) and EC coatings,with contributions of 26%, 44% and 75%(532 nm), respectively. The B sca and B abs increased with increasing N_(100)(number concentration of PM_(2.5)with diameter above 100 nm), PM_1 surface concentration and PM_(2.5)mass concentration with good correlation.     

Ex situ management as insurance against extinction of mammalian megafauna in an uncertain world

The persistence of endangered species may depend on the fate of a very small number of individual animals. In situ conservation alone may sometimes be insufficient. In these instances, the International Union for Conservation of Nature provides guidelines for ex situ conservation and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) indicates how ex situ management can support the CBD's objectives by providing insurance policies for species. The circumstances that justify its use are uncertain. To evaluate the current in situ extinction risk and ex situ management of 43 critically endangered species of mammalian megafauna, we used nonmetric multidimensional scaling and geopolitical variables related to governance, economics, and national policy within their extant ranges. We then fitted generalized additive models to assess the contribution of each variable to the ordination. Fifteen (almost one-third) of the world's terrestrial mammalian megafauna are not the subject of any ex situ management. Seventy-three percent of these taxa occur in areas characterized by political uncertainty, such as border zones or areas affected by armed conflicts, mainly in Africa and the Middle East. A further 23% of taxa in ex situ programs do not meet sustainability criteria for inbreeding avoidance. Strategic conservation planning, such as the One Plan approach, may improve ex situ management for these taxa. Given the escalating trend in threats afflicting megafauna, ex situ management should be considered more rigorously, particularly in politically unstable regions, to achieve CBD Target 12 (prevent extinction of threatened species).     

汶川大地震余震等待时间序列——基于混沌理论的研究

根据混沌理论,对汶川大地震余震等待时间通过相空间重构,应用互信息法、Cao方法确定出重构参数,并分别计算了该序列的关联维、最大Lyapunov指数以及Kolmogorov熵等特征量。结果表明汶川大地震余震等待时间序列中存在明显的混沌特性,是非线性混沌动力系统演化的结果;并对余震等待时间序列的混沌性态及其产生的根源进行了简单的探索。研究结果可进一步研究汶川大地震余震等待时间序列的复杂性、演化规律及预测参考。     

广州城区黑碳气溶胶吸光增强特性研究

本研究运用最小相关系数法（MRS）,使用元素碳（EC）作为示踪物,得到一次排放的质量吸光效率（MAE_p）,结合黑碳仪（AE33）和有机碳/元素碳分析仪获得实测的质量吸光效率MAE_t,进而通过MAE_t/MAE_p的比值得出吸光增强系数（E_abs）.采样站点位于广州市城区暨南大学大气超级监测站,采样时间涵盖了干季（2019年1月26日~3月31日）和湿季（2018年5月1日~7月31日）.对广州市城区的黑碳气溶胶及其光学特征进行分析,EC在干季的平均浓度（1.93±1.38）μgC/m³高于湿季（1.46±0.75）μgC/m³,而E_abs520在干季的均值（1.26±0.34）低于湿季（1.63±0.55）.E_abs520在干湿季的日变化差异明显,但有机碳（OC）、EC、OC/EC、波长指数（AAE_470-660）均为干季高于湿季.分析发现气溶胶负载补偿参数k值与E_abs520在湿季呈现出较好的相关性,而在干季相关性较差,可能与生物质燃烧的影响有关;探讨了O₃、NO₂和SOC/OC对E_abs520的影响,在干季O₃与E_abs520的相关性较差（R²=0.21）,在湿季较好（R²=0.46）,SOC/OC却展现出了相反的关系,而NO₂在干季和湿季与E_abs520的相关性都较差（R²=0.01）,并发现温度对E_abs520存在一定的影响.通过后向轨迹聚类分析发现,长距离传输气团的的黑碳E_abs520值较高.     

长庆油田某作业区集输系统结垢机理与防控措施研究

目的解决长庆油田某作业区集输系统的结垢问题。方法采用离子色谱仪等仪器对水样的理化性质进行测试分析,采用X射线衍射仪对现场垢样进行成分分析,通过室内静态结垢实验结合滴定法,研究油井采出液混合的配伍性,并对阻垢剂进行筛选及评价。结果长庆油田某作业区集输系统结垢的主要原因为该区C6和Y9两个层系的采出液不配伍,主要结锶钡垢,且结垢量较大。温度对总结垢量的影响较小,但随着两种水样的质量比接近1︰1时,结垢量达到最大。选择加注C型阻垢剂,且加注质量浓度为90 mg/L时,阻垢率可达86.1%,比原方案提高30%左右,阻垢后最大结垢量由1678 mg/L降为233 mg/L。结论现场提供的C型阻垢剂对长庆油田某作业区集输系统具有适用性,阻垢率高,能够有效减缓现场结垢问题。     

人为活动对冈曲河大型底栖动物空间分布的影响

为监测人为活动对高海拔山区河流的影响,以香格里拉冈曲河为例,应用多维统计分析与排序分析,探讨大型底栖动物群落对人为活动的响应. 研究表明,冈曲河受到低浓度重金属污染,农业活动和水体富营养化程度相对较轻,总体水质状况符合国家地表水环境质量标准(GB3838—2002)Ⅰ,Ⅱ类水质标准. 聚类分析显示,大型底栖动物群落可分为4组:组Ⅰ(北支翁水河)与组Ⅱ(南支格咱河)采样点受人为活动的影响最轻;组Ⅲ采样点主要受开矿和农业活动影响;组Ⅳ采样点受重金属污染相对较重. 4组采样点在无度量多维标定法(NMS)排序轴上的分布差异明显,组Ⅰ与组Ⅱ采样点体现出空间分布差异,而人为活动主要影响组Ⅲ与组Ⅳ采样点. 随河级增加,底栖动物的群落结构除受到水深、河宽、水温、浊度和海拔高度等环境因子的影响外,组Ⅲ与组Ⅳ采样点影响底栖动物群落退化的主要因素为Cu,Pb和NO-₃-N. 石蛭科和毛缘蛾蚋为组Ⅰ采样点的指示种;叉襀和倍叉襀等敏感类群为组Ⅱ采样点的主要指示种;组Ⅲ的指示种为中耐污种短石蛾和蜉蝣,以及强耐污种寡毛类;涡虫为组Ⅳ采样点的指示种,表明涡虫具有较高的重金属污染耐受性.