Development of controlled release formulations of imidacloprid employing novel nano-ranged amphiphilic polymers

Amphiphilic copolymers, synthesized from poly (ethylene glycols) and various aliphatic diacids, which self assemble into nano-micellar aggregates in aqueous media, were used to develop controlled release (CR) formulations of imidacloprid [1-(6 chloro-3-pyridinyl methyl)-N- nitro imidazolidin-2- ylideneamine] using encapsulation technique. High solubilisation power and low critical micelle concentration (CMC) of these amphiphilic polymers may increase the efficacy of formulations. Formulations were characterised by Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity and stability after accelerated storage test of the developed formulations were checked. The kinetics of imidacloprid release in water from the different formulations was studied. Release from the commercial formulation was faster than the CR formulations. The diffusion exponent (n value) of imidacloprid, in water ranged from 0.22 to 0.37 in the tested formulations. While the time taken for release of 50 % of imidacloprid ranged from 2.32 to 9.31 days for the CR formulations. The developed CR formulations can be used for efficient pest management in different crops.     

Effect of Urmia Lake's drying on groundwater corrosion and scaling potential in the northwest of Iran (Case study: Spring and summer, 2015)

The most common problems in water distribution systems are corrosion and scaling, which cause both economic and customer health problems. The aim of the present study is to report the relationship between Urmia Lake's drying and the corrosion and scaling potential of groundwater used as drinking water during the spring and summer of 2015. Groundwater samples were collected from all of the catchments of the Urmia Lake basin, and the characteristics of the water were used to determine the corrosive and scaling indices using the Langelier Saturation Index and the Ryznar Stability Index. The results showed that the total dissolved solids measurement of the samples collected from the islands of Urmia Lake was higher than the maximum value of the standard level. In addition, the hardness in 36% of the zones was higher than that of the maximum suggested level. The concentration of calcium was lower than that of the standard, but the rest of the parameters were in the standard level range. Also, the results showed that the water of the Urmia Lake basin tends to be very scaling and corrosive. In order to control the corrosion and scaling caused by groundwater drawn from the catchments around Urmia Lake, measures should be taken to prevent Urmia Lake's drying and to manage the groundwater around this area. It is also suggested that a laboratory study regarding the condition of the distribution system be carried out to adjust the effective parameters, such as the pH.     

中国地区大气气溶胶光学厚度与Angstrom参数联网观测(2004-08～2004-12)

利用2004年秋冬季全国联网资料,给出中国19个典型区域大气气溶胶的光学厚度(AOD_λ=500nm)、Angstrom混浊系数(β)和Angstrom波长指数(α).结果表明,在青藏高原,海北、拉萨,AOD平均分别为0.09、0.12,β平均分别为0.05、0.13,α平均分别为1.09、0.06.东北地区,海伦、三江,AOD平均分别为0.14、0.15,β平均分别为0.04、0.06,α平均分别为2     

基于共词分析的复杂网络研究现状分析

以CNKI总库上有关复杂网络的相关文献为数据源,在共词分析的基础上通过多维尺度分析方法和战略坐标分析方法探析复杂网络在我国的研究现状及发展趋势,为从事复杂网络研究的学者提出参考.结果表明:①复杂网络的研究可分为两类,一类是复杂网络的理论研究,另一类是复杂网络的管理和安全方面的研究,这两个研究领域联系不紧密.②复杂网络的理论研究涉及复杂网络拓扑统计性质、演化机制与稳定性等,该领域整体联系比较紧密,研究趋向成熟.复杂网络管理、安全类团内部结构松散,研究尚不成熟,但与复杂网络中其他研究结合紧密,有进一步的发展空间.③在复杂网络的理论研究方面,与复杂系统、加权网络、拓扑结构、同步、稳定性、神经网络相关的研究领域可能成为今后研究的热点领域;在复杂网络管理、安全方面,SNMP将有可能成为热点研究项目.     

骆马湖浮游植物演替规律及驱动因子

江苏骆马湖作为南水北调工程的重要调蓄湖泊,水生态系统结构变化不容忽视.为研究骆马湖浮游植物群落结构演替规律及其与环境因子的关系,于2014~2018年进行了逐月监测.研究期间骆马湖总氮、高锰酸盐指数、电导率等参数呈逐年升高趋势,氟离子浓度呈逐年下降趋势.共鉴定有浮游植物7门71属,月均生物量变化范围0.16~5.51mg·L^-1.硅藻和绿藻为绝对优势门类,其次为甲藻及隐藻;主要优势属为针杆藻（Synedra sp.）、隐藻（Chroomonas spp.）、直链硅藻（Aulacoseira spp.）、锥囊藻（Dinobryon sp.）、栅藻（Scenedesmus spp.）、脆杆藻（Fragilaria spp.）、转板藻（Mougeotia sp.）、纤维藻（Ankistrodesmus sp.）和裸藻（Euglena spp.）.2014~2018年骆马湖浮游植物群落结构年际差异较大,其变化主要体现在浮游植物生物量的再分配,硅藻和绿藻继续保持优势外甲藻和蓝藻的优势度增加.非度量多维尺度分析显示,骆马湖浮游植物群落变化与总氮、氟离子、水温、总磷、溶解氧、pH、电导率和高锰酸盐指数等因素有关,广义可加模型同样显示总氮、氟离子浓度和水温是主导骆马湖浮游植物群落结构变化的主要因素.总氮、氟离子浓度是影响浮游植物群落年际变化的环境因子,而水温是引起浮游植物群落季节变化的主要因子.结合近几年管理部门采取的措施,浮游植物群落年际变化可能与骆马湖实行禁止采砂和拆除围网等管理修复措施有关.     

黔川典型白酒多元素组成及其原产地判定研究

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)分析测试黔川三个不同原产地的19个典型白酒样中的48个元素含量组成。对多元素含量进行多维尺度分析(MDS)、方差分析(ANOVA)、主成分分析(PCA)和判别分析(DA)等多变量统计分析,探讨多元素组成对不同原产地白酒溯源的可行性,筛选出白酒原产地判定的有效指标。结果显示,不同原产地白酒样中多元素含量有其各自的分布特征,其中Ca、Na、Fe、Mn、Be、Sc、V、Cu、Ga、Ge、Y、Cs、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Tm、Yb和Lu等23个元素存在显著差异。多维尺度分析和主成分分析将白酒样分成不同类别,其类别与原产地基本一致。通过逐步判别分析,筛选出6个元素指标可判别白酒样的产地来源,依次为Mn、Ga、Sc、V、Na和Cs,整体正确判别率为94.7%。利用多元素指纹技术对白酒原产地判定是可行的。     

北京市黑碳气溶胶浓度特征及其主要影响因素

为探究北京市黑碳(black carbon,BC)气溶胶时空分布特征及其主要影响因素,对4个站点2019年的ρ(BC)、ρ(PM2.5)、ρ(CO)和φ(NOx)及同期气象因子进行比对分析.结果表明,背景区(BA)、城区(UA)、城区路边(UR)和外环路边(HR)的平均 ρ(BC)分别为(1.58±1.15)、(2.27±1.67)、(3.35±2.13)和(3.57±2.40)μg·m-3,o(BC/PM2.5)分别为(5.3±1.6)％、(6.0±2.3)％、(9.0±3.6)％和(8.1±3.5)％;除 UR 站点 ρ(CO)高于 HR 站点以外,4个站点的ρ(BC)、ρ(PM2.5)、ρ(CO)和ψ(NOx)由低到高排序均为:背景区＜城区＜城区路边＜外环路边,且采暖季是非采暖季的1.1～1.7倍;用最大频率法估算各站本底ρ(BC),UR站点最高,BA站点最低,分别为0.56 μg·m-3和0.19 μg·m-3;交通排放导致路边站点本底ρ(BC)、平均ρ(BC)和ω(BC/PM2.5)均高于其他站点.ρ(BC)日变化曲线呈双峰型结构,非采暖季早高峰时段(07:00～08:00)峰值较高,采暖季全天浓度高于非采暖季且凌晨时段(00:00～02:00)峰值较高,谷值均在午后(14:00～16:00)出现.4个站点的平均吸收埃斯特朗指数(AAE)为1.38、1.34、1.26和1.26,表明全市BC主要来自化石燃料燃烧;采暖季平均AAE为1.46,高于非采暖季的1.23,主要是由于采暖季生物质燃烧排放占比增加;非采暖季各站点AAE日变化曲线主要受机动车活动时间影响,一致呈凌晨低、午后高的分布特点,采暖季曲线各异.BC与PM2 5、CO、NOx、风速和相对湿度的Pearson相关系数(r)为0.86、0.81、0.69、-0.37和0.34;由于燃煤源作为4种污染物的共同来源贡献增加,采暖季较非采暖季| r |更高.4个站点的△BC/△CO值分别为3.1×10-3、3.5×10-3、3.9×10-3和4.1×10-3.一次污染过程中,城区站点BC以区域传输为主要来源,路边站点局地排放BC积累过程较明显,易发生颗粒物二次生成过程.     

吉林油田注水系统结垢机理分析及适宜阻垢剂研究

吉林油田注水系统管线结垢严重,影响正常生产安全.为了解决结垢问题,对吉林油田注入水和结垢产物进行了分析,并给出了防护对策.结果表明:吉林油田注入水含有大量的HCO3-,Ca2+含量较其他成垢离子含量高;结垢产物主要是CaCO3垢,另有部分MgCO3垢、硅铝酸盐垢和铁垢,垢样具有明显的有机物包裹特征.在此基础上运用化学溶度积和化学反应方程式直观地表示了吉林油田注水系统的结垢机理.吉林油田注入水中碳酸盐的浓度积远大于其溶度积,导致大量碳酸盐析出结垢.注入水中携带有黏土,在管壁沉积形成硅铝酸盐结垢.铁腐蚀导致吉林油田注水系统产生少量铁垢.最后通过室内静态防垢性能测定法从3种常用缓蚀阻垢剂中筛选出适合吉林油田现场水质防腐阻垢的TH-907型缓蚀阻垢剂,在TH-907药剂质量浓度为50 mg/L时,阻垢效果最好.     

Advancing the Integration of History and Ecology for Conservation

Abstract: The important role of humans in the development of current ecosystems was recognized decades ago; however, the integration of history and ecology in order to inform conservation has been difficult. We identified four issues that hinder historical ecological research and considered possible solutions. First, differences in concepts and methods between the fields of ecology and history are thought to be large. However, most differences stem from miscommunication between ecologists and historians and are less substantial than is usually assumed. Cooperation can be achieved by focusing on the features ecology and history have in common and through understanding and acceptance of differing points of view. Second, historical ecological research is often hampered by differences in spatial and temporal scales between ecology and history. We argue that historical ecological research can only be conducted at extents for which sources in both disciplines have comparable resolutions. Researchers must begin by clearly defining the relevant scales for the given purpose. Third, periods for which quantitative historical sources are not easily accessible (before AD 1800) have been neglected in historical ecological research. Because data from periods before 1800 are as relevant to the current state of ecosystems as more recent data, we suggest that historical ecologists actively seek out data from before 1800 and apply analytic methods commonly used in ecology to these data. Fourth, humans are not usually considered an intrinsic ecological factor in current ecological research. In our view, human societies should be acknowledged as integral parts of ecosystems and societal processes should be recognized as driving forces of ecosystem change.     

驱排剂解堵工艺的研究与应用

吐哈温米油田属于低孔、低渗、低产能油藏,原油含蜡量、沥青质较高,油井的近井地带结垢严重。文章介绍了驱排剂的解堵作用原理、酸化工作液配方、驱排剂解堵工艺技术和现场应用效果。研究结果表明,驱排剂解堵工艺技术对解除油井的堵塞具有良好的效果,对提高油井的产液能力有重要作用,同时又是低渗透油田增产的一种新工艺。从2004年7月份开始,温米油田利用驱排剂解堵后油井平均单井日增油量3.0t,日增液量21.0t,动液面平均上升400.00m,平均单井有效生产期为90天以上。