(Mal)Adaptation opportunism: when other interests take over stated or intended climate change adaptation objectives (and their unintended effects)

This paper introduces the terminology of (mal)adaptation opportunism – a situation in which projects undertaken in the name of climate change adaptation (CCA) are overrun by interests other than the stated or intended objectives of the CCA project. A goal of CCA projects is to reduce poverty and promote social justice. The case of the threat of displacement of the community of Kewunor by the Trasacco Estate Development Company (TEDC), after the construction of the Ada Sea Defense System (AdSDS) of Ghana as a CCA, is illustrative of this concept of (mal)adaptation opportunism. Through a narrative presentation of eight different accounts concerning this issue, I demonstrate how (mal)adaptation opportunism arises and is often motivated by economic interests. This case illustrates how economic interests can take over not only CCA projects but also their maladaptive effects.     

生物炭固定化菌剂对含油海水中石油的去除

生物炭是由生物质材料经高温限氧热解炭化而成的一种廉价生物材料,生物炭固定化微生物不仅可以确保水体中局部区域微生物的数量优势,同时还可吸附大量的石油污染物,在水体修复中具有很好的开发价值。本研究表明,以松针为前体物制备的生物炭具有良好的石油吸附性能,吸附能力达5 g/g生物炭。枯草芽孢杆菌较适宜于人工海水中石油的降解,以此菌为目标菌研制了生物炭固定化菌剂,4周后石油去除率可达70.1%。石油4组分分析结果表明,该菌剂对饱和烃去除率较高,周去除率达50.8%,其次为芳香烃,为30.4%,胶质和沥青质为4%左右。     

深海工程装备阴极保护技术进展

综述了深海工程装备阴极保护参数、牺牲阳极材料以及阴极保护技术研究及应用现状,分析了深海压力、溶解氧、温度、流速等环境因素对阴极保护电位、电流密度判据,牺牲阳极性能影响,认为温度和流速是影响阴极保护电流密度的两个关键因素,而温度和压力交变是影响牺牲阳极性能的两个主要因素。最后讨论了深海工程装备阴极保护技术发展方向。     

北黄海丹东近岸海域水质状况、富营养化与浮游藻类生物多样性对比分析研究

利用海水水质单因子判别法、富营养化指数法和浮游藻类生物多样性指数法从不同角度对近3年北黄海丹东近岸海域的水质状况、富营养化状况和生境质量状况进行对比评价和分析.结果表明:以理化指标为评价因子的水质状况与富营养化状况评价结果在四类和二类功能区水体中一致性均较好;以生物指标为评价因子的生物多样性指数评价同水质状况和富营养化评价结果在四类功能区水体中的一致性较好,而在二类功能区水体中一致性较差.     

大果沙棘形态与结实特征效果评价研究

针对中国野生沙棘果小、多刺、难采摘,生产中不能大规模推广种植等方面的缺点,近年来开始从俄罗斯引进优良沙棘品种(大果沙棘).通过开展8个大果沙棘品种在哈尔滨地区的栽培实验,观测不同品种大果沙棘在当地生长适应性、形态特征以及结实情况,通过建立量化评价指标体系对大果沙棘开展综合评价.结果表明,在哈尔滨地区,无刺丰表现最佳,可以作为推广栽培的优选品种;丘伊斯克等5个品种表现尚可,有一定推广价值;辽阜1号和契切克的表现最差,不建议作为推广首选品种.     

经济增长下的渤海环境容量预测

据1999，2002—2005年渤海活性磷酸盐、石油类、无机氮的水质监测资料。采用箱式模型。估算渤海及各分区现状下及不同经济增长率下的环境容量预测值。估算结果显示．分污染物来看，各年份均是无机氮较大，石油类次之．活性磷酸盐较小；分区域来看。各年份各污染物均是渤海中部较大，辽东湾、渤海湾次之，莱州湾最小；从时间变化来看。除活性磷酸盐外。石油类和无机氯自2002年到2004年逐年减小。假设渤海污染物排入量随着经济增长每年增加5％。以达到环境容量极限值需要的年数来看。自2005年。分别在7年、4年、17年后渤海的石油类、活性磷酸盐、无机氮将达不到一类水质标准，50年、19年、37年后超过四类水质下环境容量极限值；假设随着经济增长污染物排海量每年增长10％，那么自2005年起。29年、13年和22年后三种污染物将超过四类水质下环境容量极限值。     

Using Ecological Function to Develop Recovery Criteria for Depleted Species: Sea Otters and Kelp Forests in the Aleutian Archipelago

Abstract: Recovery criteria for depleted species or populations normally are based on demographic measures, the goal being to maintain enough individuals over a sufficiently large area to assure a socially tolerable risk of future extinction. Such demographically based recovery criteria may be insufficient to restore the functional roles of strongly interacting species. We explored the idea of developing a recovery criterion for sea otters (Enhydra lutris) in the Aleutian archipelago on the basis of their keystone role in kelp forest ecosystems. We surveyed sea otters and rocky reef habitats at 34 island‐time combinations. The system nearly always existed in either a kelp‐dominated or deforested phase state, which was predictable from sea otter density. We used a resampling analysis of these data to show that the phase state at any particular island can be determined at 95% probability of correct classification with information from as few as six sites. When sea otter population status (and thus the phase state of the kelp forest) was allowed to vary randomly among islands, just 15 islands had to be sampled to estimate the true proportion that were kelp dominated (within 10%) with 90% confidence. We conclude that kelp forest phase state is a more appropriate, sensitive, and cost‐effective measure of sea otter recovery than the more traditional demographically based metrics, and we suggest that similar approaches have broad potential utility in establishing recovery criteria for depleted populations of other functionally important species.     

Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity in Brazilian Hot Spots

Hot spots in Brazil include a variety of ecosystems, such as mangroves, forests, and the Brazilian savannah, locally called cerrado. Some of the rural populations in these hot spots are the caiçaras in SE Atlantic Forest coast, and the caboclos in the Amazon. In this study, we are concerned especially with the knowledge of caiçaras and caboclos, associated with practices that might have implications for management. Data were gathered through interviews with adults at the various communities studied, and through systematic observations, including samples of fishing trips and the mapping of fishing spots used in the Atlantic Forest coast. The use of resources from the surrounding vegetation includes collection of plants, cultivated fruit gardens, the swidden system, and a careful and managed extraction of fibres. Among animal resources, food taboos seem to be useful practices that might contribute to the maintenance of local natural resources. Potential management practices should be locally developed, such as the informal division of fishing spots in Atlantic Forest sites, and the maintenance of the diversity of cassava varieties in both the Atlantic Forest and Amazonian areas.     

烟气海水脱硫排水水质对周边海域的影响分析

从理论计算和国内外已投运工程的实际运行监测两方面,对海水脱硫排水水质进行了分析,结果表明在采用成熟工艺的前提下,海水脱硫的排水水质包括重金属等指标,全部可以达到我国海水三类标准,绝大部分指标满足海水一类标准,而且通过对国内外已经投运项目的长期监测,也未发现对周围海域的生态环境造成不利影响。     

Adaptation planning for sea level rise: a study of US coastal cities

Sea level rise (SLR) is expected, even without greenhouse gas emissions. As SLR is inevitable, adapting to its impacts has received increasing attention, and local governments are the key actors in this emerging agenda. This study indicates that adaptation planning for SLR should be integrated into two local major planning mechanisms in the United States: the local comprehensive plans and hazard mitigation plans. By evaluating 36 plans from 15 US coastal cities that are considered at high risk and vulnerable to rising sea levels, the results demonstrate that SLR is widely identified, but the overall quality of the plans to address it requires significant improvement. A detailed table of selected plans' characteristics is also provided as a lens on how localities tackle this challenging issue. The paper concludes with planning suggestions for coastal communities to better adapt to SLR.