固相萃取-气相色谱/质谱法同时测定海水中9种硝基苯类化合物

建立了固相萃取-气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)同时测定海水中9种硝基苯类化合物的分析方法。海水样品经Oa-sisHLB固相萃取小柱萃取富集,正己烷/丙酮洗脱,采用GC/MS进行定性定量,线性响应良好,基体干扰小,方法检出限在0.03～0.10μg/L(按采样1 L水计),添加回收率在72.8%～116%,精密度为1.2%～5.4%,并利用该方法对广西近岸海域6个点位实际海水样品进行了监测。该方法可以同时满足海水中9种硝基苯类化合物的测定。     

埕岛油田海域重金属含量分布与生态环境质量评价

根据2009年埕岛油田海域环境调查资料,分析了海域内海水和表层沉积物中重金属的含量分布,并对其生态环境进行了质量评价和生态风险评价。结果表明:调查海域海水和表层沉积物中重金属的含量总体水平较低,均优于海水质量Ⅱ类标准和海洋沉积物质量Ⅰ类标准。除海水中Zn、Hg和表层沉积物中Cu外,海域内重金属的分布差异性较小,近岸重金属总量略高于远岸。质量评价表明,调查海域海水整体上为清洁水平,表层沉积物为较清洁水平,后者污染程度较前者偏重。生态风险评价表明,各站位表层沉积物均存在中低度的生态风险,部分站位As、Cu、Pb、Cr将偶尔发生不利生物毒性效应,7种重金属的生物毒性大小依次为:As>Cr>Zn>Pb>Cu>Hg>Cd。     

经济增长下的渤海环境容量预测

据1999，2002—2005年渤海活性磷酸盐、石油类、无机氮的水质监测资料。采用箱式模型。估算渤海及各分区现状下及不同经济增长率下的环境容量预测值。估算结果显示．分污染物来看，各年份均是无机氮较大，石油类次之．活性磷酸盐较小；分区域来看。各年份各污染物均是渤海中部较大，辽东湾、渤海湾次之，莱州湾最小；从时间变化来看。除活性磷酸盐外。石油类和无机氯自2002年到2004年逐年减小。假设渤海污染物排入量随着经济增长每年增加5％。以达到环境容量极限值需要的年数来看。自2005年。分别在7年、4年、17年后渤海的石油类、活性磷酸盐、无机氮将达不到一类水质标准，50年、19年、37年后超过四类水质下环境容量极限值；假设随着经济增长污染物排海量每年增长10％，那么自2005年起。29年、13年和22年后三种污染物将超过四类水质下环境容量极限值。     

Using Ecological Function to Develop Recovery Criteria for Depleted Species: Sea Otters and Kelp Forests in the Aleutian Archipelago

Abstract: Recovery criteria for depleted species or populations normally are based on demographic measures, the goal being to maintain enough individuals over a sufficiently large area to assure a socially tolerable risk of future extinction. Such demographically based recovery criteria may be insufficient to restore the functional roles of strongly interacting species. We explored the idea of developing a recovery criterion for sea otters (Enhydra lutris) in the Aleutian archipelago on the basis of their keystone role in kelp forest ecosystems. We surveyed sea otters and rocky reef habitats at 34 island‐time combinations. The system nearly always existed in either a kelp‐dominated or deforested phase state, which was predictable from sea otter density. We used a resampling analysis of these data to show that the phase state at any particular island can be determined at 95% probability of correct classification with information from as few as six sites. When sea otter population status (and thus the phase state of the kelp forest) was allowed to vary randomly among islands, just 15 islands had to be sampled to estimate the true proportion that were kelp dominated (within 10%) with 90% confidence. We conclude that kelp forest phase state is a more appropriate, sensitive, and cost‐effective measure of sea otter recovery than the more traditional demographically based metrics, and we suggest that similar approaches have broad potential utility in establishing recovery criteria for depleted populations of other functionally important species.     

2010—2020年中国沿海主要海湾形态变化特征

为揭示近期中国沿海主要海湾形态的变化特征,基于Landsat影像提取2010年、2015年和2020年中国沿海主要海湾的空间信息,以海湾岸线类型结构、岸线开发利用程度、海湾面积、海湾形状和平面重心位移作为评价指标,分析2010—2020年中国沿海主要海湾的形态变化特征。结果表明：（1）近10年间中国沿海主要海湾岸线长度及结构变化显著,自然岸线长度和保有率下降;（2）海湾岸线开发利用程度上升,但上升速度开始放缓,大多数海湾属于中等开发程度;（3）海湾面积持续萎缩,但萎缩速度放缓,渤海海区海湾的面积萎缩幅度最大且速度最快;（4）海湾形状的变化趋势存在南北差异,北方趋于复杂,南方趋于简单,总体则趋于简单;（5）海湾平面重心在2015年后趋于稳定,位移距离减小,位移速度放缓。总的来说,海湾形态变化的主导因素是以围填海为主的人类活动,国家层面近年来实施的围填海管控政策和措施已在海湾形态变化方面初步显现成效。研究认为,应对中国沿海的海湾进行基本功能定位和划分,实施精细化分类管理,促进海湾区域“三生空间”布局优化。     

洞庭湖流域冬季降水的时空变化及与全球海温的关系

论文基于1961-2015年洞庭湖流域96个气象站点逐月降水数据和英国哈德莱中心月平均海表温度资料,利用EOF、Morlet小波和偏相关分析等方法,对洞庭湖流域冬季降水的时空变化和周期特征进行分析,并探讨影响流域冬季降水的关键海区及其关键时段。结果表明：在年际时间尺度上,洞庭湖流域冬季降水主要存在全区一致型、南北反向型和中部-南北部反向型3个模态,各模态分别具有12 a、16 a和7 a左右的长周期以及3 a左右的短周期。在与全球海温的关系方面,流域冬季降水与ENSO和南海海温均存在显著相关,平均而言,在ENSO处于暖位相或南海海温偏高时,流域冬季降水易偏多,反之,则流域冬季降水易偏少;但ENSO和南海海温对流域冬季降水的影响范围及其关键时段存在明显差异,其中ENSO的影响范围主要分布在流域南部,其在前期10月与流域冬季降水相关性最好,而南海海温的影响范围集中在流域东部,其在次年2月与流域冬季降水相关性达到最高。     

Voltammetric and Spectroscopic Determination of Toxic Metals in Sediments and Sea Water of Salerno Gulf

In this present work the distribution of heavy metals in sea water and sediments of the Salerno Gulf is measured. The elements determined were Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn and Hg, employing, as instrumental techniques, either differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) or graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). A comparison of the results of the two analytical techniques is also made. Mercury determination was carried out employing the cold vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy (CVAAS) technique, with SnCl₂ as the reducing agent. The sample digestion was performed by a new procedure using concentrated suprapure H₂SO₄–K₂Cr₂O₇ mixture. The accuracy and precision of the analytical procedure were evaluated employing Sea Water BCR-CRM 403 and Estuarine Sediment BCR-CRM 277 as reference materials. Accuracy, expressed as relative error e and precision, expressed as relative standard deviation s_r, were in order of 2 to 5%. For both matrices, the detection limits, for all the elements, were in the range g g_-1 to ng g_-1.     

极端海况下海洋石油结构的风险评估

根据中国海上石油工业缺乏独立的风险评价体系的现状 ,笔者对极端海况进行了环境荷载的联合概率分析 ,利用随机模拟技术 ,求解结构的失效概率 ,提出结构失效分析的新方法 ,并利用DNV提供的历史数据 ,对结构失效的后果做了适当分析。以埕北 12 C井组平台作为实例 ,对平台甲板高程 (AirGap)失效分析进行了实例计算。结果表明 ,使用多维联合极值分布理论及相应的求解方法 ,是离岸工程结构物风险评估的重要手段。     

SUWANNEE RIVER LONG RANGE STREAMFLOW FORECASTS BASED ON SEASONAL CLIMATE PREDICTORS1

ABSTRACT: A study of the influence of climate variability on streamflow in the southeastern United States is presented. Using a methodology previously applied to watersheds in Australia and the United States, a long range streamflow forecast (0 to 9 months in advance) is developed. Persistence (i.e., the previous season's streamflow) and climate predictors of the previous season are used to forecast the following season's (winter and spring) streamflow of the Suwannee River located in northern Florida. The winter and spring streamflow is historically the most likely to have severe flood events due to large scale cyclonic (frontal) storms. Results of the analysis indicated that a strong El Nino‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signal exists at various lead times to the winter and spring streamflow of the Suwannee River. These results are based on the high correlation values of two commonly used measurements of ENSO strength, the Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) and Sea Surface Temperature Range 1. Using the relationships developed between climate and streamflow, a continuous exceedance probability forecast was developed for two Suwannee River stations. The forecast system provided an improved forecast for ENSO years. The ability to predict above normal (flood) or below normal (drought) years can provide communities the necessary lead time to protect life, property, sensitive wetlands, and endangered and threatened species.     

海上溢油事故应急反应系统的框架研究

一旦发生海上溢油事故,溢油事故应急反应系统将有效地组织溢油事故的各种应急处理,以确保海洋生态系统的安全和减少经济损失。文章对海上溢油事故应急反应系统的总体框架进行了分析,并详细介绍了以溢油信息收集子系统、溢油模拟子系统、环境与资源信息数据库、溢油应急指挥中心及溢油应急处理系统五大部分为主体的框架及其主要功能。该框架可作为建立海上溢油事故应急反应系统的基础。