Direct-use values of woodland resources consumed and traded in a South African village

SUMMARY

This paper examines the contribution of secondary resources harvested from a savanna ecosystem to household income in Thorndale village, South Africa. The valuation of these resources provides a key tool for adopting sustainable development practices. The study shows the relevance of the dependence of rural people on secondary resources and implications for social and economic equity. Fuelwood, edible herbs and thatch grass contributed 80.6% ($492.53) of the total gross direct-use value ($559.46) of all the resources per household per annum. The net direct-use value of eight directly harvested resources was $455.11 after accounting for the opportunity cost of labour. The value of secondary resources traded amounted to $126.62 per household, equivalent to 22.6% of values from direct consumption, suggesting a high degree of dependence of villagers on natural resources harvested for household consumption. There were high relative direct-use values for fuelwood (44%) and edible herbs (25.9%) reflecting the high energy requirement, and substitute for cultivated vegetables, respectively. It was generally perceived that resources were in short supply probably due to the level of dependence, and as a coping strategy.     

Size-resolved aerosol ionic composition and secondary formation at Mount Heng in South Central China

To understand the size-resolved aerosol ionic composition and the factors influencing secondary aerosol formation in the upper boundary layer in South Central China, size-segregated aerosol samples were collected using a micro-orifice uniform deposit irnpactor （MOUDI） in spring 2009 at the summit of Mount Heng （1269 m asl）, followed by subsequent laboratory analyses of 13 inorganic and organic water-soluble ions. During non- dust-storm periods, the average PM1.8 concentration was 41.8 μg·m^-3, contributing to 55% of the PM10. Sulfates, nitrates, and ammonium, the dominant ions in the fine particles, amounted to 46.8% of the PM1.8. Compared with Mount Tai in the North China Plain, the concentrations of both fine and coarse particles and the ions contained therein were substantially lower. When the air masses from Southeast Asia prevailed, intensive biomass burning there led to elevated concentrations of sulfates, nitrates, ammonium, potassium, and chloride in the fine particles at Mount Heng. The air masses originating from the north Gobi brought heavy dust storms that resulted in the remarkable production of sulfates, ammonium, methane sulfonic acid, and oxalates in the coarse particles. Generally, the sulfates were primarily produced in the form of （NH4）2SO4 in the droplet mode via heterogeneous aqueous reactions. Only approximately one-third of the nitrates were distributed in the fine mode, and high humidity facilitated the secondary formation of fine nitrates. The heterogeneous formation of coarse nitrates and ammonium on dry alkaline dust surfaces was found to be less efficient than that on the coarse particles during non-dust-storm periods.     

狭长管道油气爆炸流场分布特征规律及分析

为研究狭长管道油气爆炸流场分布特征规律,搭建了狭长管道油气爆炸实验系统 ,并在狭长密闭管道中进行了油气爆炸实验。通过采集爆炸超压值和火焰强度值并进行 分析,得到以下结论:随着初始油气体积分数的增大,管道沿线最大爆炸超压值和升压 速率均呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在1.75%时达到最大,并且初始油气体积分数越接近 1.75%,升压速率增大越快;根据管道沿线最大超压分布规律可将初始油气体积分数分 为1.25%~1.55%、1.55%~2.20%、2.20%~2.65%3个部分;管道末端出现二次爆炸现象,爆 炸超压变化曲线可分为点火延迟、一次爆炸、二次爆炸、振荡衰减4个阶段;火焰持续 时间随油气体积分数的增加先下降后上升,油气体积分数为1.75%时火焰持续时间最短 。     

南京城区夏季大气VOCs的来源及对SOA的生成研究——以亚青和青奥期间为例

运用大气挥发性有机物快速在线连续自动监测系统,于2013年和2014年的8月对南京市区大气中VOCs进行观测,结果表明,VOCs的浓度分别为51.73×10^-9和77.47×10^-9.利用OH消耗速率（L^OH）有效评估VOCs的大气化学反应活性.烯烃和芳香烃是这2年夏季南京市大气VOCs中对L^OH贡献最大的关键活性组分.用FAC法估算南京SOA生成潜势,得到2013和2014年夏季SOA浓度分别为1.95μg/m³和1.01μg/m³;烷烃和芳香烃对SOA的生成潜势分别占4.01%、94.8%和4.46%、94.57%.用PMF模型对南京VOCs进行来源解析,结果表明,2013年夏季南京大气VOCs的最大来源为燃料挥发（22.7%）、其次为天然气和液化石油气泄漏（19.5%）、石油化工业（13.5%）、汽车尾气排放（17.7%）、天然源排放（13.4%）和涂料/溶剂的使用（13.2%）,而2014年夏季南京大气VOCs的最大来源为天然气和液化石油气泄漏（35.2%）、其次为石油化工业（20.6%）、不完全燃烧（20.5%）、燃料挥发（15.7%）和汽车尾气排放（8.1%）.     

酸铝胁迫下常绿杨根冠超微结构变化

中国的亚热带地区气候温暖湿润、雨量充沛,是中国速生丰产林基地,森林土壤多呈偏酸性和酸性,为富铝化酸性土壤,容易造成植物铝毒害。A-61/186（Populus×enramericana cv.）是澳大利亚 L．D．Pryor 博士选育的半常绿杨树无性系（semi-evergreen poplar clone）,母本为美国南方种的落叶型美洲黑杨（Populus deltoids Marsh）,父本为原产智利的常绿品种欧洲杨智利变种（Populus nigra cv.Chile）,是中国林科院郑世锴研究员于1987年从巴基斯坦引入中国的3个常绿杨品系之一,适合热带亚热带种植。以常绿杨A-61/186（Populus×euramericana cv.）根冠细胞为材料,采用水培酸铝胁迫实验,在胁迫30 d、60 d和90 d时在透射电子显微镜下进行根冠细胞超微结构的观察及拍片,研究在酸铝胁迫下浓度和作用时间对其超微结构的影响,探究铝毒条件下杨树根冠细胞的超微结构变化,并为根冠细胞铝毒亚显微水平评价提供资料。结果表明,随着铝浓度的升高,根冠细胞壁溶解断裂;细胞基质由凝胶态向分散碎块转变;淀粉粒数量有减少的趋向,淀粉质体数量有增加的趋向,而淀粉粒堆重心偏向由明显到不明显的趋向。随着铝作用时间的延长,根冠细胞在60 d浓度0.370 mmol·L^-1淀粉粒急剧减少;在90 d浓度0.666 mmol·L^-1淀粉粒质体急剧减少;淀粉粒堆或淀粉质体堆无重心偏向。     

工矿商贸行业较大以上次生衍生事故分析研究

通过对2012~2015年6月全国工矿商贸行业发生的较大以上次生衍生事故行业分布、地域分布、时段分布、空间分布等特征的分析,归纳总结了次生衍生事故发生的规律和特点,根据事故致因理论,对次生衍生事故原因进行了分析,并提出对策措施,为降低工矿商贸次生衍生事故发生率、减少人员伤亡提供理论支撑。     

基于贝叶斯网络的化工园区地震次生灾害情景分析

为了研究化工园区内发生地震灾害后的事故演化过程,利用事故链模型对地震次生灾害演化过程进行分析,并将其转化为贝叶斯网络,确定各节点的变量与状态取值范围;通过相关文献及专家经验判断分析,获得贝叶斯网络中各节点的条件概率;依据贝叶斯网络的推理策略,比较不同地震烈度下,各化工事故发生的后验概率值,并探讨应急救援的及时性对地震次生灾害发生概率的影响,从关键要素遏制化工事故的发生,采取针对性的应对措施,尽可能的降低化工事故,有效的降低人员伤亡及财产损失。     

希瓦氏菌还原作用下黄钾铁矾的相转变特征及其负载铬的迁移转化规律

黄钾铁矾对酸性矿山废水中铬（Cr）等污染物有较好的固定去除作用.微生物活动对黄钾铁矾的稳定性和Cr的迁移转化特性有重要影响.因此,本研究在厌氧条件下,通过批次实验研究了希瓦氏菌MR-1还原溶解负载Cr黄钾铁矾过程中二次矿物的形成和Cr污染物的迁移转化特性.结果表明,希瓦氏菌能够促进黄钾铁矾的还原溶解.Cr负载能够增强黄钾铁矾的稳定性,抑制矿物的溶解转化.在不含Cr实验组,黄钾铁矾相转变产物为蓝铁矿和针铁矿;而在负载Cr实验组,二次矿物仅为蓝铁矿.在希瓦氏菌还原溶解负载Cr黄钾铁矾的过程中,矿物中有少量的Cr溶出,进入水体,随后又被吸附于新形成的二次矿物中.矿物中的Cr由原来的残渣态转化为不定型铁结合态,固相中Cr释放的风险增大.XPS检测结果表明,矿物表面的Cr（Ⅵ）被还原为Cr（Ⅲ）,Cr的毒性降低.研究结果对进一步理解酸性矿山废水中Fe、S和Cr的地球化学循环过程有重要意义.     

悬挂链曝气工艺应用于中小城镇污水治理

通过对悬挂链曝气工艺特点和应用情况的分析,总结了针对中小城镇污水处理厂的设计与建设经验。结合我国国情,提出悬挂链曝气工艺为中小城镇污水处理厂的建设提供了一个良好的选择。     

THE STATE OF LOUISIANA SUPERPORT AUTHORITY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PLAN – OIL AND OYSTERS1

ABSTRACT: The State of Louisiana created in 1972 the Deep Draft Harbor and Terminal Authority (commonly called Superport Authority) to plan, promote, and develop a deepwater (crude oil) terminal off the coast of Louisiana, and empowered it to establish an Authority development program to promote the economic and social welfare of its citizens. Simultaneously, the Authority was also charged with developing an environmental protection plan to preserve the environmental values of Louisiana's unique coastal marshland while permitting beneficial industrial and economic development. Consequently, in January 1974, an Environmental Protection Plan was promulgated, consisting of a series of regulations, design standards, and operating procedures aimed specifically at protecting the fragile estuarine environment of coastal Louisiana during the construction and ultimate operation of the superport. The paper describes the development of the Superport Authority's Environmental Protection Plan and the current status of the superport project.