Taking the Conservation Biology Perspective to Secondary School Classrooms

Abstract: The influence of conservation biology can be enhanced greatly if it reaches beyond undergraduate biology to students at the middle and high school levels. If a conservation perspective were taught in secondary schools, students who are not interested in biology could be influenced to pursue careers or live lifestyles that would reduce the negative impact of humans on the world. We use what we call the ecology‐disrupted approach to transform the topics of conservation biology research into environmental‐issue and ecology topics, the major themes of secondary school courses in environmental science. In this model, students learn about the importance and complexity of normal ecological processes by studying what goes wrong when people disrupt them (environmental issues). Many studies published in Conservation Biology are related in some way to the ecological principles being taught in secondary schools. Describing research in conservation biology in the language of ecology curricula in secondary schools can help bring these science stories to the classroom and give them a context in which they can be understood by students. Without this context in the curriculum, a science story can devolve into just another environmental issue that has no immediate effect on the daily lives of students. Nevertheless, if the research is placed in the context of larger ecological processes that are being taught, students can gain a better understanding of ecology and a better understanding of their effect on the world.     

Beijing Ministerial Declaration on Environment and Development

Abstract

As the main organic pollutant in municipal living waste, kitchen waste causes secondary pollution in the course of its being gathered and transported to the landfill by mixing with other refuse and by decomposition. This makes pollution prevention more difficult and raises the cost of landfill engineering. However, the amount of solid waste to be treated can be decreased and such pollution burden lessened by disposing of the solid waste in local municipal areas. The program in Beijing also shows that this works well with our situation in China and can accelerate marketization and public participation.     

江汉油田老二站提高水质达标率研究

江汉油田老二站采出水经典处理后回注,出水悬浮物、Fe2+和细菌均超标严重,水质达标率低.通过工艺调整,工艺前段利用SRB的除铁作用大幅度降低Fe2+含量;絮凝沉降阶段依据Fenton反应原理,借助H2O2的氧化除铁与杀菌作用,提高絮凝沉降效率,降低悬浮物含量;工艺末段选用多种杀菌剂交替杀菌.结果表明,工艺调整后以100 mg/L的H2O2代替原絮凝剂,间歇添加100 mg/L的杀菌剂Ⅱ,出水含铁1.5 mg/L、悬浮物3.0 mg/L、SRB 10个/mL,老二站水质达到注水水质标准要求,水质达标率达80％.     

城市地震次生火灾研究综述

地震次生火灾是最易发生、破坏性最大的地震次生灾害。详细分析了地震次生火灾起火、蔓延与震后消防扑救的特性，并据此提出了地震次生火灾研究的3个关键主题：震后起火、火灾蔓延和震后消防扑救。针对这3个主题，对国内外的相关研究进行了完整的介绍和深入的评论。通过评论，为进一步研究提出了地震次生火灾研究中的不足、难点、重点和思路。     

我国的主要气象灾害及防御对策

介绍了我国主要气象灾害和气象衍生灾害的种类、分布地区以及气象灾害所造成经济损失情况及特点。从工程性和非工程性措施两方面分析了我国气象灾害防御现状和存在问题,并从建立气象防灾减灾法律保障体系、确保资金投入、完善防御体系、加强科研开发和信息共享提高灾害预警水平、加强合作与交流开展主动防御、提高全社会防灾能力等6个方面提出了相应的防御对策。     

Functional wildlife parks: The views of Kenyan children who live with them

This study reports on Kenyan school children's ideas about wildlife parks in their country. A comparison is made between the responses of school children in primary school, before they receive any science education, and those of secondary school pupils at the end of the secondary cycle. The findings show little difference between the two groups of students in terms of their ideas about wildlife parks. This has serious implications for science and environmental education in Kenya. Parks are understood by these pupils in terms of real life issues, as derived from social consequences. The children's ideas are all based on the role that parks play in society, but the function of parks to support biodiversity conservation does not seem to be important to the students. While it is satisfying to note that the school children have a good understanding of parks in their social context, it is essential to address fully the scientific and ecological role of parks in order that biodiversity becomes more valued in our society.     

中国省域建筑安全生产水平的动态综合评价及策略分析

为从宏观层面上把握我国建筑安全生产水平的差异,因地制宜地采取措施,优化资源配置,在分析我国建筑业安全生产状况的基础上,利用安全事故统计分析原理,从绝对指标和相对指标两个方面构建了区域建筑安全生产水平评价体系;利用熵权法确定各指标权重,引入时间加权平均算子"TOWA"进行二次加权,对2009-2016年我国30个省域的建筑安全生产水平进行了相对优劣排序。结果表明,中部地区建筑业安全生产水平总体高于东部、东北部及西部地区。根据综合评价值将30个省域划分为建筑安全生产水平良好、不足、低下3个层次,进而提出了技术优先策略、管理优先策略及政策优先策略。     

溪流生态系统次生盐化的生态学研究进展

溪流次生盐化是人类活动干扰导致可溶性盐向水体迁移从而造成盐浓度异常增高的现象,由于干扰类型(如农业生产、河岸带植被破坏、采矿废水与污水排放等)的不同,溪流次生盐化呈现出溶解性无机离子组成复杂、盐浓度间歇性波动等特点. 已有研究发现:①溪流次生盐化会造成藻类、底栖动物和鱼类的群落结构产生变化,主要包括物种丰度、生物量、生物多样性、功能摄食类群等方面;②高盐环境对非耐盐物种产生胁迫从而降低其出现频率,敏感底栖动物会增加漂移行为以选择低盐环境,而敏感鱼类则消失;③耐盐物种应对高盐胁迫有不同策略,如卵胎生的产卵方式以减少在高盐环境中的时间,或拥有较强的渗透调节能力维持体内渗透平衡. 主要问题:①影响水生生物的可能是单一离子又或是离子组合,不同盐化水体所增加的离子类型及浓度都有很大差别,而要逐一探明单一离子及离子组合的影响需要巨大的工作量;②野外研究常以电导率或ρ(TDS)(TDS为总溶解性固体)表征盐化程度,而电导率或ρ(TDS)会改变有机污染物、重金属的生物毒性,也会与营养盐、悬浮物等因子产生交互作用,难以确定盐化对水生生物的独立影响. 因此,今后需关注全球变暖背景下次生盐化与营养盐、重金属的耦合作用,注重我国本土水生生物的耐受性及其适应调节机制,并重视基于野外调查与室内试验两类不同数据所获得水生生物适盐范围的对比验证;同时为满足水生生物健康保护,应加强对溪流次生盐化有指示作用的水质监测指标的开发及阈值的制订.      

应用元素碳示踪物法解析复杂排放源地区有机碳来源的局限性

元素碳示踪物法(The EC tracer method)因其简单易行被广泛应用于区分有机气溶胶的一次和二次来源.本文以源排放复杂的北京城区(冬夏两季)和山东长岛作为城市和偏远地区的代表,利用气溶胶质谱仪(AMS)和碳黑测定仪等多种仪器的观测结果,基于元素碳示踪物法估算了在这些地区二次源对有机碳的贡献,并将该结果和同观测受体模型正定矩阵因子分析(PMF)的结果进行比较.探讨了北京地区餐饮源和生物质燃烧源对元素碳示踪物法估算二次有机碳的影响.本研究指明了元素碳示踪物法基本假设在源复杂地区应用的局限性,利用该方法对二次有机气溶胶估算会因存在具有较高OC/EC比值的一次排放源,而有一定偏差(例如本论文10%~40%).该研究对其他的元素示踪物法的估算工作具有一定的借鉴意义.     

厦门市冬季大气PM2.5中有机碳和元素碳的污染特征

为探讨厦门市冬季大气PM_(2.5)含碳组成特征,于2014-12-10至2015-01-09同步采集了城区和郊区的PM_(2.5)样品。采用热光透射法分析了PM_(2.5)中OC、EC的质量浓度。结果表明,近年来厦门市PM_(2.5)、OC、EC的浓度表现出逐年降低的趋势。城区和郊区的OC平均浓度分别为9.77±1.87和9.17±2.42μg/m~3,EC平均浓度分别为1.87±0.73和2.43±1.10μg/m~3,与国内外其他城市相比,厦门市冬季大气PM_(2.5)中的OC、EC浓度均处于较低水平,人为引起的大气含碳成分污染相对较轻。城区和郊区的OC/EC值均大于2,SOC占OC比例分别高达34.96%、39.03%,厦门大气PM_(2.5)中的OC受到二次污染较严重。PM_(2.5)、OC、EC的分布规律表明,OC、EC受到了除天气条件以外的其他因素如OC和EC污染源种类、源强以及二次转化程度的影响。城区(R2=0.107 9)和郊区(R2=0.341 9)的OC与EC相关性不明显,初步判断厦门市冬季PM_(2.5)中OC和EC的来源较复杂,EC可能主要来自化石燃料和生物质不完全燃烧等一次排放源,OC则主要受到化石燃料燃烧和二次污染的影响,城区污染源还包括烹饪源以及生物质燃烧。