Sexual dimorphism in amphipods: the role of male posterior gnathopods revealed in Gammarus pulex

In the mate-guarding amphipod, Gammarus pulex, the enlarged male posterior gnathopods have been variously suggested to function to grasp and subdue the female, to be used as weapons in fights between males, to signal to the female the male presence and stimulate moult accelaration, egg development or egg extrusion. These hypotheses were tested in a series of experiments, the results of which reveal an unexpected function. Ablation of the posterior gnathopods of males showed that they were neither necessary for, nor advantageous in, establishment and/or maintenance of precopula mate guarding, with or without competition with intact males. Furthermore, these appendages do not function to advance female moult, or stimulate egg development or extrusion. However, only males with intact posterior gnathopods were able to copulate. We also show that females require a full copulation of several bouts to extrude eggs. We conclude that the function of the posterior gnathopods is to facilitate copulation and suggest future studies focus on the selective pressures acting on copulating males.     

Changes in Forest Use Value through Ecological Succession and Their Implications for Land Management in the Peruvian Amazon

Abstract:  Research on local use values of forests across an ecological succession informs land-use decisions and conservation planning. I evaluated use values of three age classes of secondary forest: fallow fields (<5 years old, $8.20/ha/year), young secondary forest (5–20 years old, $20.60/ha/year), and old secondary forest (>20 years old, $6.80/ha/year). I quantified daily forest product use and calculated use values in dollars per hectare per year for three communities in the northern Peruvian Amazon. I made three comparisons between forest types: number of useful species, value based on different use categories, and overall use values. Old secondary forest had the greatest number of total species present and species collected. Wood, food, and medicine were the three most valuable use categories. The value different families extracted from local forests varied enormously, but median forest values were lower for all forest types than potential gains from agricultural land use (e.g., coffee $167/ha/year). Values of different-aged stands on privately owned lands in two communities did not differ significantly, whereas in the third community, young secondary forest had a significantly greater value than other forest types. Old secondary forests were the most valuable source of wood products, and wood was the only use category in which there was any difference in the value of products extracted from different-aged forest stands. The value of all three forest types on open-access (nonprivate) lands was minimal (mean in each forest type, $0/ha/year). Local people can utilize the valuation results to develop land-use strategies that balance forest product use, agricultural productivity, and biodiversity conservation.     

古田山国家级自然保护区常绿阔叶林类型及其群落物种多样性研究

在群落调查的基础上，分析了古田山自然保护区常绿阔叶林的群落类型和群落物种多样性特征．结果表明：古田山自然保护区常绿阔叶林主要有6种类型(群系)，即甜槠林、栲树林、野含笑-钩栗林、青冈林、虎皮楠-甜槠林、乌冈栎-青冈林，并对各群落类型的结构和物种组成进行了描述．从各群落的外貌、结构和种类组成上看，均具有我国典型常绿阔叶林的基本特征．不同群落类型其物种多样性大小不同，栲树林和野含笑-钩栗林物种多样性较高，虎皮楠-甜槠林和乌冈栎-青冈林物种多样性较低．在群落垂直结构中，灌木层→乔木层→草本层物种多样性依次降低，乔木层与灌木层之间物种多样性差异不显著，草本层的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数均明显小于乔木层和灌木层．与邻近4个山地常绿阔叶林物种多样性相比较，古田山常绿阔叶林物种多样性比纬度位置高的黄山和大别山要大，但比纬度位置低的乌岩岭和缙云山小．     

氨排放对华北典型地区冬季二次无机盐生成的影响

为研究氨排放对冬季PM_(2.5)中二次无机盐的影响,设置不同排放情景,应用CMAQ模式对华北地区典型城市——保定冬季无机盐进行了模拟研究。结果表明:将氨气在模式中排放置零的情景下,无机盐质量浓度降低了67.08%;氨排放削减与二次无机盐生成呈非线性关系,大气呈"氨限制"状态;氨排放削减能够有效抑制二次无机盐的生成,当削减幅度为50%时无机盐总体降幅达29.89%,其中硝酸盐、铵盐和硫酸盐降幅分别为53.78%、27.87%和5.64%;氨排放对重污染时段二次无机盐的生成贡献较高,当氨削减幅度为50%时无机盐总体降低40.58%;在当前大气环境下,氨排放削减是保定市冬季控制二次无机盐污染的重要途径。     

驾驶人视觉注意力需求与驾驶行为特性的关系

采用驾驶模拟系统平台,以不同车道类型及不同交通流状态(自由流/稳定流/不稳定流/强制流)为虚拟试验场,应用心理试验设计方法,测试得到21名被试在不同交通流状态下的视觉注意力需求及驾驶行为。对5种车道类型及4种交通流状态下被试驾驶时的视觉注意力需求特性和驾驶行为特性数据进行分析,得到不同车道不同交通流状态下的视觉注意力需求变化情况。利用多元回归方法分析了不同交通流状态下驾驶人视觉注意力需求与驾驶行为之间的关系,并构建了基于驾驶行为特性的驾驶人视觉注意力需求预测模型。结果表明,驾驶人视觉注意力需求与制动次数、油门踏板位移和车辆轨迹偏差之间存在相关关系。     

KOH对富铁富硫酸盐酸性环境中生物成因次生铁矿物合成的影响

生物成因次生铁矿物的高效合成对处理以富铁富硫酸盐为典型环境特征的酸性矿山废水具有重要的工程指导意义.本研究通过细菌培养实验,在富铁富硫酸盐环境(改进型9K液体培养基)中,考察了KOH对嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A.ferrooxidans)催化合成次生铁矿物过程中体系p H、Fe2+氧化率、总Fe沉淀率及次生铁矿物矿相的影响.结果表明,A.ferrooxidans在改进型9K培养基(对照处理)中培养72 h后,p H从原始的2.50下降至2.34,而在对照处理分别加入3.3、6.7与13.4 mmol·L-1KOH的处理体系中培养72 h后,p H却分别降低至2.27、2.15与2.10.同时,KOH的加入能够在一定程度上加速Fe2+的氧化速率及总Fe的沉淀效率.例如,培养至24 h,加入3.3、6.7和13.4 mmol·L-1KOH的处理体系较对照体系Fe2+氧化率分别提高了12.1%、20.3%和23.2%.培养至72 h,加入3.3、6.7和13.4 mmol·L-1KOH的处理体系较对照体系总Fe沉淀率分别增加了26.0%、60.4%和71.8%.通过分析加入6.7 mmol·L-1KOH或3.3 mmol·L-1K2SO4处理体系上述参数的变化情况,可以得出,KOH加速体系酸化、提高Fe2+氧化率及总Fe沉淀率是K+与OH-联合作用所致.本研究不同体系所得次生铁矿物均为黄铁矾与施氏矿物共存的混合物,然而,KOH引入的K+或OH-均有利于体系无定型施氏矿物向晶型黄铁矾类矿物转化.研究结果可为次生铁矿物生物合成及其在酸性矿山废水治理领域的应用提供必要的参数支撑.     

Uptake of isoprene, methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate into aqueous solutions of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide

Multiphase acid-catalyzed oxidation by hydrogen peroxide has been suggested to be a potential route to secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene and its gas-phase oxidation products, but the lack of kinetics data significantly limited the evaluation of this process in the atmosphere. Here we report the first measurement of the uptake of isoprene, methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate into aqueous solutions of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Isoprene cannot readily partition into the solution because of its high volatility and low solubility, which hinders its further liquid-phase oxidation. Both methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate can enter the solutions and be oxidized by hydrogen peroxide, and steady-state uptake was observed with the acidity of solution above 30 wt.% and 70 wt.%, respectively. The steady-state uptake coefficient of methacrylic acid is much larger than that of methyl methacrylate for a solution with same acidity. These observations can be explained by the different reactivity of these two compounds caused by the different electron-withdrawing conjugation between carboxyl and ester groups. The atmospheric lifetimes were estimated based on the calculated steady-state uptake coefficients. These results demonstrate that the multiphase acid-catalyzed oxidation of methacrylic acid plays a role in secondary organic aerosol formation, but for isoprene and methyl methacrylate, this process is not important in the troposphere.     

Degradation behavior of 17αup-ethinylestradiol by ozonation in the synthetic secondary effluent

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the secondary effluent discharged from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are of great concern in the process of water reuse. Ozonation has been reported as a powerful oxidation technology to eliminate micropollutants in water treatment. Due to the complexity of the wastewater matrix, orthogonal experiments and single factor experiments were conducted to study the influence of operational parameters on the degradation of 17αup-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in the synthetic secondary effluent. The results of the orthogonal experiments indicated that the initial ozone and natural organic matter (NOM) concentration significantly affected EE2 degradation efficiency, which was further validated by the single factor confirmation experiments. EE2 was shown to be effectively degraded by ozonation in the conditions of low pH (6), NOM (10 mg/L), carbonate (50 mg/L), but high suspended solid (20 mg/L) and initial ozone concentration (9 mg/L). The study firstly revealed that the lower pH resulted in higher degradation of EE2 in the synthetic secondary effluent, which differed from EDCs ozonation behavior in pure water. EE2 degradation by ozone molecule instead of hydroxyl radical was proposed to play a key role in the degradation of EDCs by ozonation in the secondary effluent. The ratio between O₃ and TOC was identified as an appropriate index to assess the degradation of EE2 by ozonation in the synthetic secondary effluent.     

人工湿地对二级出水中NH3-N、TP去除效果

在水力停留时间为1～7 d的条件下,研究石菖蒲、美人蕉、水芋、杜鹃、一叶兰和袖珍椰子等6种植物湿地系统在表面流情况下对二级出水中NH3-N、TP的去除效果.结果显示,6种植物湿地系统对二级出水中NH3-N、TP的去除效果存在差异,但随着水力停留时间的加长,各系统的总体变化趋势较为接近.分析认为,植物的吸收不是污水中N、P去除的主要原因,但植物的环境适应性对NH3-N的去除有一定影响.在中水回用的设计中,湿地植物的选择可以从美学角度出发,选择具有较强环境适应性的湿地或水生植物,以增加湿地系统的景观效果;同时在以二级出水为原水的表面流人工湿地设计中,水力停留时间不宜大于4 d.     

污泥减量热解机热解焚烧技术概述

针对目前我国城市污水处理厂产生大量污泥,二次污染现象日益严重的状况,阐述了污泥的性质特点及主要处理处置方法,介绍并分析了污泥减量热解机热解焚烧技术的工作原理、工作流程、技术特点,以及污泥热解处理系统的主要设备。