Modeling and interpreting bioavailability of organic contaminant mixtures in subsurface environments

Bioavailability often controls the fate of organic contaminants in surface and subsurface aquatic environments. Bioavailability can be limited by sorption, mass transfer, and intrinsic biodegradation potential and can be further altered by the presence of other compounds. This paper reviews current perspectives on the processes influencing subsurface contaminant bioavailability, how these processes are modeled, and how the relative role of the various processes can be assessed through bioavailability indices. Although these processes are increasingly well understood, the use of sophisticated models and indices often are precluded by an inability to estimate the many parameters that are associated with complex models. Nonetheless, the proper representation of sorption, mass transfer, biodegradation, and co-solute effects can be critical in predicting bio-attenuation. The influence of these processes on contaminant fate is illustrated with numerical simulations for the simultaneous degradation of toluene (growth substrate) and trichloroethylene (nongrowth cometabolite) in hypothetical, aerobic, solid-water systems. The results show how the relative impacts on contaminant fate of the model's various component processes depends upon system conditions, including co-solute concentrations. Slow biodegradation rates increase the inhibition effects of a cometabolite and suppress the rate enhancement effects of a growth substrate. Irrespective of co-solute effects, contaminant fate is less sensitive to biodegradation processes in systems with strong sorption and slow desorption rates. Bioavailability indices can be used to relate these findings and to help identify appropriate modeling simplifications. In general, however, there remains a need to redefine such indices in order that bioavailability concepts can be better incorporated into site characterization, remediation design, and regulatory oversight.     

Assessing Potential Removal of Low-Head Dams in Urban Settings: An Example from the Ottawa River,NW Ohio

This is a study of the scientific component of an effort to restore an urban river by removing a low-head dam. The Secor Dam is owned by a local government entity near Toledo, Ohio. The proposed removal of the last structure impeding flow on the Ottawa River has broad appeal, but the owner is concerned about liability issues, particularly potential changes to the flood regime, the presence of contaminated sediments behind the dam, and possible downstream transport of reservoir sediments. Assessing sediment contamination involved sediment sampling and analysis of trace metals and organic contaminants. Forecasting sediment transport involved field methods to determine the volume and textural properties of reservoir and upstream sediment and calculations to determine the fate of reservoir sediments. Forecasting changes in the flood regime involved HEC-RAS hydrological models to determine before and after dam removal flood scenarios using LiDAR data imported into an ArcGIS database. The resulting assessment found potential sediment contamination to be minor, and modeling showed that the removal of the dam would have minimal impacts on sediment transport and flood hazards. Based on the assessment, the removal of the dam has been approved by its owners.     

强化高锰酸钾氧化体系中自由基的产生与利用研究进展

高锰酸钾在水处理行业中的应用已趋于成熟,但与臭氧、芬顿及其他高级氧化技术相比,高锰酸钾与难降解有机污染物的反应速率较低,需要与其它方法联用来强化自身的氧化能力.近年来随着对强化高锰酸钾氧化机理研究的不断深入,人们发现该体系中产生的自由基对有机污染物的降解有显著的促进作用.为此本文综述了强化高锰酸钾氧化体系中各类无机与有...     

Oxidation of diclofenac by birnessite: Identification of products and proposed transformation pathway

Diclofenac (DCF), a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, reacted readily with birnessite under mild conditions, and the pseudo first order kinetic constants achieved 8.84 × 10^?2 hr^?1. Five products of DCF including an iminoquinone product (2,5-iminoquinone-diclofenac) and four dimer products were observed and identified by tandem mass spectrometry during the reaction. Meanwhile, 2,5-iminoquinone-diclofenac was identified to be the major product, accounting for 83.09% of the transformed DCF. According to the results of spectroscopic Mn(III) trapping experiments and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Mn(IV) contained in birnessite solid was consumed and mainly converted into Mn(III) during reaction process, which proved that the removal of DCF by birnessite was through oxidation. Based on the identified products of DCF and the changes of Mn valence state in birnessite solid, a tentative transformation pathway of DCF was proposed.     

武进港流域地表水中新污染物的高通量筛查与源解析

新污染物长期存在于水环境中,其对生态、人类健康存在的潜在危害和风险是不可忽视,而研究其在地表水中的分布特征及其来源可对新污染物的源头治理与管控提供帮助.武进港是太湖西北部的主要入湖河流之一,为了解武进港流域新污染物的分布,采用液相色谱-高分辨率质谱仪（LC-HRMS）对19处地表水样（包括主河道12个水样、支流7个水样）和污水处理厂出水水样中的新污染物进行高通量筛查.共识别出294种新污染物,其中药物类和农药类新污染物占比较大,分别为35.4%和32.3%.主成分分析表明,污水处理厂出水受新污染物污染的情况与地表水具有显著差异,同时19个地表水点位中,新污染物的分布在武进港流域存在南北地区差异.通过Mann-Whitney U检验,并绘制火山图,北部筛选出70种特征新污染物,其中药物类新污染物占比最大,为48.6%,包括咖啡因、金刚烷胺、缬沙坦等.南部筛选出17种特征新污染物,农药类占比最大,为52.9%,包括2-甲基-4-氯苯氧乙酸（MCPA）、灭草松等.相关性分析结果显示,农药类特征新污染物与农田占比呈正相关.     

镀镍漂洗废水中有机物的臭氧氧化处理研究

用臭氧氧化处理镀镍漂洗废水中的有机物,主要考察pH、臭氧投加量、废水初始COD浓度、温度等因素对处理效果的影响,并对反应机理进行初步的探讨.实验结果表明,废水的COD去除率随pH的增大而升高,比较适宜的pH为6～7;适当地增加臭氧投加量有利于提高COD去除率;在一定温度范围(15～35℃)内,提高反应温度有利于废水中有机物的降解;当臭氧投加量为20 mg/(min·L),对于初始COD为56 mg/L、pH 6.5的实际镀镍漂洗废水,在25 ℃的条件下氧化100min,出水COD降至10mg/L,COD去除率达到82%;在臭氧氧化镀镍漂洗废水的反应中,部分有机物的降解是在Ni2 的催化下由臭氧分解生成氧化能力更强的自由基来完成.臭氧氧化可作为镀镍漂洗废水处理回用的预处理工艺.     

土壤中石油类有机污染物检测方法研究进展

在系统地归纳总结了国内外研究者所采用的各种分析方法基础上,指出了现有实验分析中存在的问题及发展趋势。主张尽量使用和开发仪器分析检测方法,并建议尽快规范土壤中石油类有机污染物的定性定量分析方法,尽早解决目前常用分析方法中存在的各种问题,为土壤石油污染防治提供有效保障。     

新兴污染物水环境保护标准及其实用型去除技术

近年来,在国内外的城市污水、地表水、饮用水中,频繁检出一些新兴污染物,严重威胁着生态安全和饮用水水质安全.传统的有机污染物综合指标,如化学需氧量(COD)、生化需氧量(BOD)等不能反映该类污染物的污染状况,也不能完全代表水质状况,因此建立控制新兴污染物的水环境保护标准十分必要.另外,从众多研究的去除技术中识别出高效、经济、可行的实用型去除技术对实际污水处理厂去除新兴污染物的意义重大.本文主要分析与介绍国内外有关新兴污染物的水环境保护标准现状,并基于发达国家的实际案例,总结了针对新兴污染物的一些实用型去除技术,以期对相关水环境保护标准的制定起到推动作用,并为后续污水处理厂的升级改造提供技术支持.     

表面活性剂清洗法在污染土壤修复中的应用

探讨了表面活性剂清洗法对土壤中芳烃类污染物的清除作用,并对常州市染化厂原址污染现场土壤样品进行了清洗研究．研究表明,表面活性剂对土壤中的芳烃类污染物有很好的去除效果,十二烷基苯磺酸钠溶液对土壤中苯酚、硝基苯洗脱率分别达９３．９７％ 和７８．７４％ ．对污染现场土壤样品中主要污染物的洗脱率达９０％ 以上     

蛭石类芬顿催化氧化降解紫丁香醇的研究

以蛭石为催化剂,通过激光粒度仪和电子扫描电镜对研磨蛭石进行粒径和形貌分析,研究蛭石类Fenton催化剂降解造纸废水中木质素模拟物紫丁香醇的特性,调查了催化剂研磨制备条件和相关反应条件,如蛭石投加量、初始p H值、H2O2用量、紫丁香醇溶液初始浓度等对紫丁香醇去除率的影响,同时还讨论了紫丁香醇降解过程中的动力学,结果表明:紫丁香醇降解效果随研磨时间的增加而增加,20 min后,蛭石平均粒径<6.9μm,基本效果不变;蛭石投加量为1.6 g/L,p H=3,双氧水为1.0 Q_(th)(Q_(th)为理论为量),紫丁香醇的浓度为50 mg/L的条件下,反应60 min后,紫丁香醇去除率基本可达100%,TOC去除率也可达到83.3%;蛭石类芬顿催化氧化降解紫丁香醇过程符合准一级动力学模型。