Tissue-specific congener composition of organohalogen and metabolite contaminants in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus)

Congener patterns of the major organohalogen contaminant classes of PCBs, PBDEs and their metabolites and/or by-products (OH-PCBs, MeSO2-PCBs, OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs) were examined in adipose tissue, liver, brain and blood of East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus). PCB, OH-PCB, MeSO2-PCB and PBDE congener patterns showed significant differences (p相似文献   

黄河水体颗粒物对石油类污染物生物降解过程的影响研究

采用模拟实验的方法，研究黄河水体颗粒物对石油类污染物生物降解速率的影响及影响机制．结果表明．水体颗粒物的存在显著影响石油类污染物的生物降解过程，且在降解的不同阶段表现出不同的影响效果；其影响机制主要包括：颗粒物的存在影响体系中石油降解菌的生长，且固液两相中石油降解菌的生长规律不同，颗粒物影响石油类污染物在固液两相的分配，两相中石油类污染物的降解动力学不同，液相的降解符合一级动力学规律，而固相的降解符合3/4级反应动力学规律．     

Comparisons of coarse and fine versions of two carbons for reducing the bioavailabilities of sediment-bound hydrophobic organic contaminants

Coarse (whole) and finely ground Ambersorb 1500 and coarse and fine coconut charcoal were compared as to their efficiencies in scavenging organic contaminants desorbed from sediment. Aqueous slurries of a test sediment spiked (1 ppm) with p,p^′-DDE (DDE), 2,2^′,5,5^′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB), naphthalene (NAP), or phenanthrene (PHEN), and containing 1% levels of the test carbons were treated by shaking at 35 °C while exposed to clusters of low-density polyethylene membrane (detox spiders). Controls consisted of spiked sediments and detox spiders but no added carbon of any kind and thus represented unimpeded bioavailabilities (to the spiders). After the treatments––agitation periods from 2.5 to 60 h, depending on contaminant hydrophobicity––the exposed detox spiders were analyzed. The fine carbon of either type was more effective than its coarser variant in obstructing contaminant bioavailabilities. The finer variants of both carbons obstructed the bioavailabilities of NAP and PHEN equally well as did the coarser variants of both. Whole Ambersorb 1500 and coarse coconut charcoal were similarly ineffective in intercepting TCB and DDE. Ground Ambersorb 1500 obstructed virtually all bioavailability of all four contaminants and was far more effective than fine coconut charcoal in intercepting DDE and TCB. An additional experiment compared the effectiveness of ground Ambersorb 1500 and fine coconut charcoal in obstructing the bioavailabilities from sediment of a broad array of spiked organochlorine pesticides. The performance of ground Ambersorb 1500 was again found to be superior; the bioavailable levels of each of the 27 pesticides were markedly lower in the presence of ground Ambersorb 1500 than in the presence of fine coconut charcoal.     

超声辐照对水中化学污染物的降解

超声辐照处理水中化学污染物取得了良好的效果，受到人们的关注。论述了超声辐照降解化学污染物的反应机理、降解速度、影响因素及超声辐照对微生物的影响；同时也指出了超声技术的发展方向和实际应用中面临的问题。     

基于QSAR关系预测PCBs和部分PAHs在LDPE中的扩散系数

分子扩散系数（D）是获得污染物与环境介质之间的平衡分配系数（K）的重要前提,然而通过实验测定获取污染物的扩散系数的过程过于繁琐,因此需开发一种更为简单、高效、准确的预测模型来定量预测扩散系数.为此,本文搜集了一些多环芳香烃（PAHs）和多氯联苯（PCBs）在低密度聚乙烯膜（LDPE）上扩散系数（log D）的实测值,基于定量结构-活性关系（QSAR）,利用逐步多元线性回归（MLR）构建了预测D值的模型.模型的决定系数R_adj²为0.941,交叉验证系数Q_LOO²为0.934,外部系数Q_ext²为0.895.结果表明,该QSAR模型具有良好的拟合优度、稳健性和预测能力,其可用来预测应用域内有机污染物在LDPE膜上的扩散系数.     

A RATING-CURVE METHOD FOR HYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATIONS IN CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT MODELING1

ABSTRACT: Accurate prediction of hydrodynamics is of great importance to modeling contaminant transport and water quality in a river. Flow conditions are needed in estimating potential exposure contamination levels and the recovery time for a no-action alternative in contaminated sediments remediation. Considering highly meandering characteristics of the Buffalo River, New York, a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model was selected to route upstream flows through the 8-km river section with limited existing information based on the model's fully predictive capability and process-oriented feature. The model was employed to simulate changes in water depth and flow velocity with space and time in response to variation in flow rate and/or water surface elevation at boundaries for given bottom morphometry and initial conditions. Flow conditions of the river reach where historical flow data are not available were computed. A rating-curve approach was developed to meet continuous and event contaminant modeling needs. Rating curves (depth-discharge and velocity-discharge relationships) were constructed at selected stations from the 3-D hydrodynamic simulations of individual flow events. The curves were obtained as steady solutions to an unsteady problem. The rating-curve approach serves to link flow information provided by the hydrodynamic model to a contaminant transport model. With the approach, the linking problem resulting from incompatible model dimensions and grid sizes can be solved. The curves will be used to simulate sediment movement and to predict contaminant fate and transport in the river.     

土壤和地下水中污染物迁移模型研究进展

国内外学者已建立了多种模型来描述污染物在土壤和地下水中的环境行为。要选择一个合适的模型在实际中成功地应用,或建立一个新的模型,必须掌握和了解污染物迁移模型的研究现状。文章评述了现有的模型,并对模型的结构作了一定的阐述。     

Bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants and quality of organic carbon

U.S. laws require that contaminant bioaccumulation potential be evaluated before dredged material can be recycled. Simple fugacity models, e.g. organic contaminant aqueous partition coefficient (K _oc)-derived theoretical bioaccumulation potential, are commonly used to estimate the partitioning of hydrophobic organic contaminants between sediment organic matter and organism lipid. K _oc-derived models, with or without the addition of a soot carbon term, did not accurately or consistently predict total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorobiphenyls partitioning of eight sediments from ongoing dredging operations onto C₁₈-coated filter paper. These models also failed to predict the partitioning of individual PAHs from these eight sediments. These data underscore the trade-offs between the ease of using simple models and the uncertainty of predicted partitioning values.     

前哨动物在环境污染物人体健康风险评价中的应用

前哨动物能够在污染物对生态系统或人体健康产生明显影响之前做出反应,所以利用前哨动物能够对环境污染的健康风险做早期预报,同时可提供环境中污染物种类、污染水平、生物可利用性、富集代谢等多方面的信息.虽然来自前哨动物的信息不能直接外推于人,但由于动物和人体结构和功能的相似性,这些信息可作为污染物对人体作用的早期警报.论文对作为前哨动物的某些鱼类、两栖动物和哺乳动物在环境污染物人体健康风险评价中的应用进行了简要概述,讨论了它们作为前哨动物各自的优缺点和适用范围,最后建议在国内大力开展前哨动物生态毒理学调查,以促进人体健康风险评价工作.     

Field evaluation of two diffusive samplers and two adsorbent media to determine 1,3-butadiene and benzene levels in air

Two types of diffusive samplers, both of which are compatible with thermal desorption, but differ in their geometry—SKC-Ultra (badge-type) and Radiello (radial symmetry-type)—were evaluated indoors and outdoors under varying temperature, humidity and wind speed conditions, using the graphitized adsorbents Carbopack X or Carbograph 5 to measure 1,3-butadiene and benzene in ambient air. The results obtained by diffusive sampling were compared with results obtained using a conventional active sampling method over both long (1 week) and shorter periods (6–24 h). Analysis and detection were performed using an automatic thermal desorber (ATD) connected to a gas chromatograph-flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Results from each sampler and adsorbent combination were examined using ordinary or multiple linear regression analysis. The overall uncertainty (OU) was also determined. In general, the results obtained with both samplers showed good agreement with those obtained by active sampling. Carbopack X appeared to be a more efficient adsorbent than Carbograph 5 for 1,3-butadiene, but the two adsorbents were equivalent for benzene. No effects of either humidity or air velocity were observed. Minor temperature effects were observed for both samplers for 1,3-butadiene. In summary, the results confirmed the accuracy of sampling rates previously determined for the two samplers and adsorbents. We consider the two samplers to be suitable for stationary and personal monitoring for the general population of 1,3-butadiene and benzene in various environments, indoors and outdoors. They are almost independent of meteorological conditions and may be suitable for monitoring industrial atmospheres.