臭氧杀菌技术在油田回注水处理中的应用研究

采用臭氧杀菌技术处理油田回注水,考查了臭氧投加量、臭氧接触时间对腐生菌(MB)、铁细菌(IB)、硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)灭活效果的影响。研究表明:臭氧投加量80 mg/L,臭氧接触反应时间t≥30 min,SRBI、B、MB的残留个数均可达到SY/T5329-94《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法》注水水质标准中A2级指标要求。     

Soil drying in a tropical forest: Three distinct environments controlled by gap size

Soil water and temperature regimes in the tropical moist forest on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, were simulated directly from meteorological data using the model SWEAT. Separate field observations from root-exclusion, litter-removal and control treatments in one small and one large forest gap were used for calibration and validation. After irrigating all treatments to field capacity, soil matric potential and temperature were measured over 17 days at four depths ≤50 mm using the filter-paper technique and bead thermistors. Understorey environments were also simulated under the same initial conditions. The results suggest that three distinct scenarios, controlled by gap size, describe how the above- and below-ground processes controlling soil drying are coupled: (1) in the large gap, root water extraction by surrounding trees is negligible so soil drying is dominated by evaporation from the soil surface. Soil temperature is dominated by direct solar heating and cooling due to evaporation. (2) In the small gap, root water extraction dominates soil drying with soil evaporation playing a minor role. Soil temperature is still dominated by direct sunlight with some cooling due to evaporation. (3) In the understorey, root water extraction dominates soil drying. Soil temperature is dominated by heat conduction from deep soil layers with some evaporation and sensible heat transfer. The contrasting soil drying regimes imposed by variation in canopy structure enhance micro-environmental heterogeneity and the scope for differential germination and seedling establishment in coexisting tropical tree species.     

Bioavailability of trace metals in brownfield soils in an urban area in the UK

Thirty-two brownfield sites from the city of Wolverhampton were selected from those with a former industrial use, wasteland or areas adjacent to industrial processes. Samples (<2 mm powdered soil fraction) were analysed, using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) for 20 elements. Loss on ignition and pH were also determined. A five-step chemical sequential extraction technique was carried out. Single leach extraction with 0.12 M hydrochloric acid of Pb, Cu and Zn in soil was determined as a first approximation of the bioavailability in the human stomach. Some of the sites were found to have high concentrations of the potentially toxic elements Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni. The partitioning of metals showed a high variability, however a number of trends were determined. The majority of Zn was partitioned into the least chemically stable phases (steps 1, 2 and 3). The majority of Cu was associated with the organic phase (step 4) and the majority of Ni was fractionated into the residue phase (step 5). The majority of Pb was associated with the residue fraction (step 5) followed by Fe–Mn oxide fraction (step 3). The variability reflects the heterogeneous and complex nature of metal speciation in urban soils with varied historic histories. There was a strong inverse linear relationship between the metals Ni, Zn and Pb in the readily exchangeable phase (step 1) and soil pH, significant at P < 0.01 level. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the partitioning of Cu, Ni and Zn into step 4 (the organic phase) in soils with a higher organic carbon content (estimated by loss on ignition). Copper was highly partitioned into step 4 as it has a strong association with organics in soil but this phase was not important for the partitioning of Ni or Zn. The fractionation of Ni, Cu and Zn increased significantly in step 3 when the total metal concentration increases (P < 0.01). The Fe–Mn oxide fraction becomes more important in soils elevated in these metals, possibly due to the scavenging of metals by oxides. Cu and Pb extracted by HCl was statistically similar to the sum of the metals in steps 1 to 4 (P < 0.01) and HCl available Zn was statistically similar to the sum of Zn in steps 1 to 3 (P < 0.01). Step 4 (the organic phase) was not an important phase for Zn, so it was concluded that any Cu, Zn and Pb present in soil in a nonresidue phase would be potentially available for uptake into the human system once soil has been ingested.     

斜带石斑鱼alpha型与rho型GST基因cDNA全序列的克隆与分析

为从分子水平上研究II相去毒酶谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(Glutathione S-transferase,GST)在斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)等海水鱼类机体内代谢去毒过程中的作用及机制,采用RT-PCR及RACE法,分离、克隆得到斜带石斑鱼肝脏alpha-GST(GSTA)、rho-GST(GSTR)基因cDNA全序列.序列分析结果表明,斜带石斑鱼肝脏GSTA基因cDNA全长1008bp,编码223个氨基酸;GSTR基因cDNA全长1002bp,编码225个氨基酸.构建系统进化树发现,斜带石斑鱼与鲤鱼、斑马鱼GSTA氨基酸同源性较高,而GSTR为鱼类所特有并共同占据进化树上独立的分枝,与大鼠、小鼠、人等哺乳动物GST现有所有类型同源性均较低.     

西沟煤矿注CO2促抽煤层瓦斯模拟研究

为了提高瓦斯抽采效果,以西沟煤矿5315工作面注气瓦斯抽采方案为工程背景,开展注CO₂促抽煤层瓦斯模拟研究。通过对注CO₂驱替煤层瓦斯机理研究,结合注气瓦斯抽采过程中的气体运移场和煤体变形场的耦合关系,建立了注CO₂促抽瓦斯固气耦合模型;利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件模拟了工作面注气瓦斯抽采,对比分析了注气瓦斯抽采与本煤层顺层钻孔抽采的瓦斯抽采效果,论证了煤层注CO₂促抽煤层瓦斯工艺的可行性与有效性。研究结果表明:在工作面瓦斯抽采90 d后注入CO₂,对瓦斯抽采的促抽效果明显,煤层瓦斯压力降至0.46~0.49 MPa,瓦斯含量降低至4.22 m3/t;在90 d后注入CO₂促抽煤层瓦斯,在瓦斯抽采至第180 d时,抽采效果较钻孔瓦斯抽采明显提高,煤层瓦斯压力降低了7.84%~9.26%,残余瓦斯含量减少了18.63%。通过工程实测可知,5315工作面在注入CO₂促抽煤层瓦斯抽采后的瓦斯压力与瓦斯含量分别降低至0.48 MPa和4.76 m3/t,有效降低了煤与瓦斯突出的危险性。     

土壤-植物系统重金属形态分析和生物有效性研究进展

介绍了土壤-植物系统中重金属连续提取的形态分析方法研究进展,同时归纳了影响重金属生物有效性的主要因素,如土壤性质、复合污染及根际环境等,并指出了需要解决的问题与今后的发展方向。     

土壤中13种有机氯农药超声波提取方法研究

应用超声波提取江西红壤和南京黄棕壤中的 13种有机氯农药 (α 、β 、γ 和δ HCH ,2 ,4′ DDT ,2 ,4′ DDE ,4 ,4′ DDT ,4 ,4′ DDE ,4 ,4′ DDD ,α endosulfan ,dieldrin ,endrin ,HCB) ,固相萃取柱进行纯化 ,气相色谱进行定量分析 .对不同提取溶剂 (正己烷、二氯甲烷、正己烷和甲醇、正己烷和丙酮、正己烷和二氯甲烷 )、提取时间 (0 .5～ 2h)、提取次数 (1～ 5次 )与提取效率的关系进行了研究 .研究表明以正己烷 甲醇 (4∶1)作为混合提取溶剂 ,超声提取一次 ,提取 2h能取得较高的提取效率 .此技术节省溶剂且提取方法简单 .     

厌氧滤池-膜生物反应器处理垃圾渗滤液不同工艺段中有机氯农药残留的分析

建立了基于HLB固相萃取柱和气相色谱／电子捕获(GC／ECD)分析垃圾渗滤液中有机氯农药的分析方法,对厌氧滤池．膜生物反应器处理垃圾渗滤液不同工艺段水体中有机氯农药的浓度进行了分析．结果表明,应用厌氧滤池．膜生物反应器处理垃圾渗滤液可以有效去除有机氯农药残留,主要去除工艺是厌氧,其中P,P’-DDT厌氧反应的中间体产物是P,P’-DDD,大部分继续转化为其它产物．在所试验的垃圾渗滤液中没有检出DDTs和HCHs以外的其它优先控制有机氯农药．     

固相萃取-LC-MS定性分析微生物呼吸醌方法的建立

以UQ-6,UQ-10和Vitamin K1作为研究对象,建立了固相萃取LC-MS定性分析微生物呼吸甲基萘醌(MK-n(Hz))和泛醌(UQ-n(Hx))的方法,并用此法定性分析了厌氧活性污泥中的微生物呼吸醌,该方法具有选择性强、灵敏度高的优点,是一种非常有效的微生物种群分析方法。     

化学破乳絮凝与SBR二段法处理采油污水的试验研究

采用化学絮凝与 SBR生化联合的二段法工艺对采油污水进行处理 ,采油污水经第一段化学破乳絮凝后 ,CODCr去除率可达 85 %以上 ,油去除率可达 95 %以上 ;第一段处理出水再经第二段 SBR生化处理后可使出水中 CODCr≤ 60 mg/L、BOD≤ 3 0 mg/L、SS<3 0 mg/L、油 <10 mg/L,达到了油田回注水标准和含油污水的国家二级排放标准 ,可实现废水的资源化