Application of closed-vessel microwave digestion method for the determination of multi-elements in environmental samples by sequential ICP-AES

A closed-vessel microwave digestion method is described for the rapid dissolution of environmental samples such as foods, soils and sediments. Depending on the sample type, 0.1-0.2 g sample was decomposed with HNO3/H2O2 or HNO3 / H2O2/HF acid mixture in a PTFE digestion vessel by using microwave heating for 2-3 min at 500W of microwave power. The solution, or to which 0.5 g of boric acid was added, was diluted to 25-50 ml and directly determined by sequential ICP-AES. The accuracy of the procedure was validated by the analysis of six standard reference materials for 10 elements. Ail results were in a good agreements with the certified values.     

Chemical forms of cobalt and nickel extracted by M1,M3 and CaCl_2-DTPA

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Sequential fractionation of reactive phosphorus in the sediment of a shallow eutrophic lake——Donghu Lake, China

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北京市土壤重金属形态分析

采用Tessier连续提取法对北京市朝阳、通州、石景山、海淀、顺义等地土壤进行重金属元素锌、铅、铬的形态分析,并用原子吸收分光光度法测定了重金属元素的含量。研究结果表明,在所测区土壤中,铬主要以可交换态和残渣态存在,说明元素铬较活泼,具有潜在的环境影响能力;锌元素主要以有机结合态和残渣态存在,说明元素锌相对比较稳定;而铅则主要以可交换态形式存在,说明铅最为活泼,应该给予更多的关注。     

Distribution and possible immobilization of lead in a forest soil (Luvisol) profile*

Geochemical analyses using a sequential extraction method and lead adsorption studies were carried out in order to characterize the distribution and adsorption of lead on each genetic horizon of a Luvisol profile developed on a pelagic clayey aleurolite. Clay illuviation is the most important pedogenic process in the profile studied. Its clay mineralogy is characterized by chlorite/vermiculite species with increasing chlorite component downward. The amount of carbonate minerals strongly increases in the lower part of the profile resulting in an abrupt rise in soil pH within a small distance. The Pb content of the soil profile exceeds the natural geochemical background only in the Ao horizon, and its amount decreases with depth in the profile without correcting for differences in bulk density, suggesting the binding of Pb to soil organic matter. According to the sequential extraction analysis the organic matter and carbonate content of the soil have the most significant effect on lead distribution. This effect varies in the different soil horizons. Lead adsorption experiments were carried out on whole soil samples, soil clay fractions, as well as on their carbonate and organic matter free variant. The different soil horizons adsorb lead to different extents depending on their organic matter, clay mineral and carbonate content; and the mineralogical features of soil clays significantly affect their lead adsorption capacity. The clay fraction adsorbs 25 more lead than the whole soil, while in the calcareous subsoil a significant proportion of lead is precipitated due to the alkaline conditions. 10 and 5 of adsorbed Pb can be leached with distilled water in the organic matter and clay mineral dominated soil horizons, respectively. These results suggest that soil organic matter plays a decisive role in the adsorption of Pb, but the fixation by clay minerals is stronger.*This study was presented at the 20th European SEGH conference in Debrecen, Hungary, 2002.     

连续浸提技术测定土壤和沉积物中硒的形态

本文建立了土壤和沉积物中硒的形态分析方法，应用连续化学浸提技术将土壤和沉积物进行连续五次抽提，根据不同形态硒的溶解度，将土壤和沉积中的硒分为可溶态（水溶态）、可交换态及碳酸盐结合态、铁－锰氧化物结合态、有机物－硫化物结合态及元素态、残渣态五种结合形态。种形态硒分级浸提的相对标准偏差均小于４．０％，总回收率（即：五种形态和与总硒的比值）为９３．２－９４．４％。     

Size distribution in ultraphytoplankton: A comparative analysis of counting methods

Water samples taken at three depth layers from the offshore oligotrophic Cretan Sea were analyzed for ultraphytoplankton size fractionation using different methods: (a) sequential filtration on filters of pore size 5, 1 and 0.2 m, (b) separate filtration using filters 5 and 0.2 m as well as 1 and 0.2 m and (c) direct filtration on 0.2 m filters after staining of the samples with DAPI. Total abundance of photosynthetic organisms as well as the abundance of different groups such as flagellates and cyanobacteria measured by means of sizing after DAPI staining were significantly higher than those obtained by the other methods. This indicates that although there were no significant differences between the estimates provided by the separate and sequential filtration, both these methods underestimated total abundance by at least 25–50%. The estimates for the size fractions were also found to range from relatively imprecise to completely unreliable depending on the group and the size range. Although size fractionation through direct observation after staining largely depends on the expertise of the observer, this study suggests that it may provide more informative estimates than the other two methods. Although it is difficult to generalize the results of this study in a global context, the paper provides strong indications on the limitations of the sequential and separate methods for size fractionation of photosynthetic organisms and implies that their results are likely to be less accurate than is presently believed.     

富集因子法中参比元素的选取方法——以元江底泥中重金属污染评价为例

富集因子法中参比元素的选择对目标元素富集程度评价及源解析结果有至关重要的影响,盲目选用可能会导致偏颇或错误的结论,但目前鲜有针对参比元素的选择所进行的探讨.本文以元江沉积物中重金属元素污染水平评价及来源解析为例,详细介绍了运用顺序提取法、相关分析法、聚类分析法等化学分析和数理统计相结合并联系研究区域地球化学背景、产业分布及元素特性确定参比元素的方法.并采用所选出的参比元素进行富集因子法分析,将所得重金属污染等级评价结果及重金属来源的推论与地积累指数法对重金属污染等级评价的结果和以因子分析法对重金属溯源的推论相比较.结果表明,利用相关分析和顺序提取等方法选择参比元素是可靠可行的.     

Total and Extractable Trace Elements in Lebanese River Sediments: Dry Season Data

Years of political instability have left Lebanon with significant gaps in environmental knowledge. This paper reports new results for trace metals in bed sediments of the river Nahr-lbrahim. The drainage basin of the river Nahr-lbrahim is largely floored by karstified limestone. Metal pollution is operative within the catchment. The objectives of this study were first to identify possible sources of metals (geological and/or anthropogenic) and then to characterise the chemical partitioning of the metals in the sediments. Bed load sediments were sampled at five locations along a 13km stretch from the river mouth, during the dry season. Samples were collected on two dates, dried and then sieved into three mechanical fractions. We report total Fe, Cu, Pb and Zn contents of the <75m sediment fraction for the dry season and interpret the results in terms of geology and point and non-point discharges to the river. Total metal contents were derived from summing the concentrations of metals in the chemical fractions of the sediments. A sequential chemical extraction procedure was applied to the <75m fraction and the data showed that, except for Fe, the carbonate fraction had the largest role in metal sediment deposition.     

基于贝叶斯网络的河流突发性水质污染事故风险评估

事故造成的水质突发性风险评估对于河流水质安全管理具有重要意义.通过贝叶斯网络直观地表示事故风险源和河流水质之间的相关性,并用时序蒙特卡罗算法将风险源状态模拟、水质模拟和贝叶斯网络推理过程结合,可以对多个风险源共同影响下的河流突发性水质污染事故的超标风险进行量化评估.案例研究表明,多风险源对同一受纳水体的水质突发性污染事故风险的耦合影响十分显著,在进行流域水安全管理时必须对多风险源进行综合管理.同时,模型的诊断推理功能可为流域关键风险源识别和管理提供决策支持.