Investigation of hit-and-run crash occurrence and severity using real-time loop detector data and hierarchical Bayesian binary logit model with random effects

Objective: Most of the extensive research dedicated to identifying the influential factors of hit-and-run (HR) crashes has utilized typical maximum likelihood estimation binary logit models, and none have employed real-time traffic data. To fill this gap, this study focused on investigating factors contributing to HR crashes, as well as the severity levels of HR.

Methods: This study analyzed 4-year crash and real-time loop detector data by employing hierarchical Bayesian models with random effects within a sequential logit structure. In addition to evaluation of the impact of random effects on model fitness and complexity, the prediction capability of the models was examined. Stepwise incremental sensitivity and specificity were calculated and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were utilized to graphically illustrate the predictive performance of the model.

Results: Among the real-time flow variables, the average occupancy and speed from the upstream detector were observed to be positively correlated with HR crash possibility. The average upstream speed and speed difference between upstream and downstream speeds were correlated with the occurrence of severe HR crashes. In addition to real-time factors, other variables found influential for HR and severe HR crashes were length of segment, adverse weather conditions, dark lighting conditions with malfunctioning street lights, driving under the influence of alcohol, width of inner shoulder, and nighttime.

Conclusions: This study suggests the potential traffic conditions of HR and severe HR occurrence, which refer to relatively congested upstream traffic conditions with high upstream speed and significant speed deviations on long segments. The above findings suggest that traffic enforcement should be directed toward mitigating risky driving under the aforementioned traffic conditions. Moreover, enforcement agencies may employ alcohol checkpoints to counter driving under the influence (DUI) at night. With regard to engineering improvements, wider inner shoulders may be constructed to potentially reduce HR cases and street lights should be installed and maintained in working condition to make roads less prone to such crashes.     

水稻根系对多环芳烃的吸着与吸收

采集了天津市宝坻和新立2地的水稻根系样品及同期当地的空气、灌溉水和田间土壤样品.将水稻根分为节根和侧根2部分,并采用连续提取方法将根系中的多环芳烃分为3种形态:根表弱吸着态、根表强吸着态和根内吸收态.结果表明:2样点根系中多环芳烃含量存在显著差异;节根和侧根中的多环芳烃含量存在显著差异;被根吸收的部分约占多环芳烃总量的60%左右.比表面和脂含量是影响水稻根系化合物浓度的主要参数.     

SFBR工艺顺序进行硝化和反硝化的动力学研究

采用序半连续式反应器(sequencing fed-batch reactor,简称SFBR)对人工合成废水顺序地进行硝化和反硝化动力学进行了研究.硝化和反硝化所用微生物为活性污泥.反应器在不同的操作条件进行操作,获得了用于确定动力学常数的数据;获得动力学参数um=0.05 h-1,KNO=2.0 mg/L,y=0.47 mg X/mg N,a=0.001 h-1.类似地确定了反硝化动力学参数kD=0.01 h-1和KD,NO=0.4 mg/L.在一定范围内硝化和反硝化速率随着氨浓度和硝酸盐浓度的增加而增加.实验数据表明,硝化和反硝化的动力学符合Monod动力学方程.     

Depleted uranium mobility and fractionation in contaminated soil (Southern Serbia)

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: During the Balkan conflict in 1999, soil in contaminated areas was enriched in depleted uranium (DU) isotopic signature, relative to the in-situ natural uranium present. After the military activities, most of kinetic DU penetrators or their fragments remained buried in the ground in certain geomorphological and geochemical environments exposed to local weathering conditions. The contamination distribution, mobility and/or fixation of DU in the contaminated soil profile at one hot spot were the subject of our study. The results should disclose what happened with released DU corrosion products in three years elapsed, given the scope of their geochemical fractionation, and mark out the most probable host substrates in investigated soil type. METHODS: Gamma-spectrometric analysis of soil samples taken in the DU penetrator impact-zone was done to obtain present contamination levels. Set of samples is subjected to five-step and three-step sequential extraction procedures, specifically selective to different physical/chemical associations in soil. The stable elements are determined in extracts by the atomic absorption spectroscopy. After the ion-exchange based uranium separation procedure, alpha-spectrometric analysis of obtained fractions was done and DU distribution in five extraction phases found from 235U/238U and 234U/238U isotopic ratios. RESULTS: Depleted uranium concentration falls down to the 1% of the initial value, at approximately 150 mm distance to the source. Carbonates and iron/manganese hydrous oxides are indicated as the most probable substrates for depleted uranium in the characterized soil type. Therefore, in the highly contaminated soil samples, depleted uranium is still weakly bonded and easy exchangeable. The significant levels of organic-bonded depleted uranium are found in surface soil only. DISCUSSION: Dependence of the fractionation on the contamination levels is evident. Samples with higher DU contents have shown a longer maintenance in the exchangeable phases, probably because adsorption/desorption mass transfer through the medium was not very fast. Organic-bonded, depleted uranium is present in surface soil samples due to its higher humus content. Considering geochemical composition of investigated soil, the indicating chemical associations as substrates are in agreement with some considerations based on the results for low-level waste unsaturated zones. CONCLUSIONS: The soil contamination with depleted uranium in investigated area is still 'spot' type and not widespread. Dependence of the fractionation on the contamination levels and presence of weakly bonded, depleted uranium in the hot spots areas is evident. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: A detailed study may be undertaken with suitable extractive reagents to define a bio-available fraction of depleted uranium in soil. The comparison of results for different soil types investigated by the same methodology may be useful. An applied combination of physical/chemical procedures and analysis may help in the decision making on the remediation strategy for sites contaminated with depleted uranium used in military operations.     

低分子有机酸对土壤中Cu化学形态的影响

向石英砂岩坡积物发育的红壤中添加系列浓度CuSO4模拟土壤Cu污染,然后加入不同浓度的低分子量有机酸培养,采用改进的BCR连续提取法评价低分子有机酸对重金属Cu形态的影响.结果表明,对不同程度的Cu污染(Cu 0～400mg·kg-1)土壤,随着有机酸添加浓度的升高,最具活性的弱酸溶解态Cu含量均有不同程度的提高,土壤重金属Cu得到活化;Cu活化效果随柠檬酸浓度升高而升高,随酒石酸和草酸浓度升高呈先上升后基本不变趋势;整体活化效果是柠檬酸>酒石酸≈草酸.可还原态Cu随着有机酸浓度的增加而减少,其中添加柠檬酸的处理减少最明显.当有机酸浓度为10 mmol·kg-1、20 mmol·kg-1时,酒石酸和草酸、柠檬酸活化Cu效果分别达到最优.     

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的化学形态分析

化学形态分析是一种认识重金属环境行为的有效方法。采用这种方法,可使焚烧飞灰中重金属的毒性将不再仅仅是简单地依赖于其总含量,而是与不同形态重金属在环境中的迁移转化行为相联系。依据化学形态分析的结果,可以了解焚烧飞灰中不同重金属的存在形式,从而为焚烧飞灰的处置利用研究提供科学依据。采用连续化学萃取法对焚烧飞灰中重金属的化学形态进行了研究。结果表明,焚烧飞灰中主要重金属的形态,有些属于不稳定结合态,有些则属于稳定结合态,在处置利用焚烧飞灰时应尽可能地将飞灰中的重金属由不稳定态转变为稳定态。      

岩石中氟的赋存状态研究

使用逐级化学提取方法对岩石中氟的赋存状态进行了研究.结果表明:岩石中氟主要与K和Al呈显著相关,高氟岩石中氟与P呈显著正相关,氟主要以氟磷灰石的形式存在;经逐级提取后残渣中的氟与Ca呈显著负相关关系,碳酸盐岩和磷块岩中的氟主要以水溶态和碳酸盐结合态等易溶形式存在;而硅质岩、黑色页岩、硅质碳板岩和碳质板岩中的氟主要存在于难溶矿物中.     

SFBR工艺顺序进行硝化和反硝化的动力学研究

采用序半连续式反应器（sequencing fed-batch reactor,简称SFBR）对人工合成废水顺序地进行硝化和反硝化动力学进行了研究.硝化和反硝化所用微生物为活性污泥.反应器在不同的操作条件进行操作,获得了用于确定动力学常数的数据;获得动力学参数um=0.05 h-1,KNO=2.0 mg/L,y=0.47 mg X/mg N,a=0.001 h^-1.类似地确定了反硝化动力学参数kD=0.01 h^-1和KD,NO=0.4 mg/L.在一定范围内硝化和反硝化速率随着氨浓度和硝酸盐浓度的增加而增加.实验数据表明,硝化和反硝化的动力学符合Monod动力学方程.     

油页岩中几种微量元素的赋存形态

选用桦甸油页岩和汪清油页岩,采用逐级化学提取方法研究了10种微量元素Ba、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Sr、v、Y、zn等在油页岩中的赋存状态;并采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定了页岩及其各提取状态中元素的含量.分析了油页岩中Pb、Cu、Ni、Zn等10种元素的环境化学活动性.研究结果表明:2个矿区页岩中除Ba、Pb、Sr和V这4种元素外,其余元素主要是以硫化物结合态及残渣态存在,这2个状态的质量分数之和为78.96%～97.97%,其中残渣态占据50%以上的比例;残渣态主要为硅酸盐结合态,其化学活性小,对环境的危害性较小,此形态以汪清页岩中的Cr为代表,其质量分数为80.87%;而以Sr为代表的元素在表生条件下很容易被带出油页岩,主要以残渣态以外的形态存在,桦甸页岩中其潜在可淋失率达到了77.67%,对环境的潜在危害性较大.     

伊通河(城区段)沉积物重金属形态分布特征及风险评价

通过对伊通河(长春城区段)7个沉积短岩芯中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn等重金属元素含量与赋存形态的分析,研究了重金属污染特征和潜在生态风险.沉积物中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量范围分别为0.10～1.18、 23.57～66.35、 11.27～43.95、 10.78～29.82、 15.02～60.81和54.27～175.83 mg·kg^-1.Cd弱酸可溶态的质量分数为42.1%～51.28%;Cr、Ni和Zn以残渣态为主,质量分数分别为63.54%～79.91%、 35.16%～53.75%和27.55%～57.55%.沉积物垂向污染程度和生态风险评价结果显示,研究区域受到Cd、Cu、Pb及Zn污染,Cd的生态风险最高,Zn和Cu次之,各岩芯中每组元素具有相似的垂向变化规律,其中4～8 cm深度生态风险相对较高.污染来源解析结果显示,伊通河(城区段)沉积物中Cd、Zn和Pb主要来源于工业污染和城市污水排放,Cu可能受自然过程和人类活动的双重影响,Cr、Ni可能较多地来源于自然过程.