Chemical forms of cobalt and nickel extracted by M1, M3 and CaCl2 DTPA

Mehlich 1(M1), mehlich 3(M3) and CaCl₂ DTPA have been used to predict the available micronutrient in soil. However, the forms of micronutrient extractable by these extractants are not known. In the present study, ten soils, collected from five provinces and the capital of China, representing a wide range of chemical and physical properties, were analyzed by sequential extraction to isolate five forms of cobalt and nickel, they are exchangeable, carbonate bound, Fe Mn oxide bound, organically bound and residual forms. The chemical forms extracted by M1, M3 and CaCl₂ DTPA were also investigated. The results show strong correlation between the carbonate bound or organically bound forms of Co or Ni and the amounts of extractable by any of the above three extractants. The main forms extracted by these extractants are carbonate and organically bound forms. The ranking of these three extractants for extraction of Co and Ni are M1>M3=CaCl₂ DTPA and M1=M3>CaCl₂ DTPA, respectively.     

船舶在航更换压载水方法浅析

介绍了船舶在航更换压载水的各种方法，包括逐一更换法，注入顶出法和稀释法。并将各种方法从对船舶和船员的安全所造成的影响两方面进行了比较。     

大气颗粒物中重金属元素在不同粒径上的形态分布

采用DFJ 1型五段分级采样器 ,对衡阳市区冬、夏两季空气中不同粒径颗粒物中重金属元素的组成和化学形态进行了分析。应用ICP AES法测定了各形态中元素的含量 ,计算了元素在各种形态中的分配比例。结果表明 ,衡阳市大气环境中多数重金属元素的含量冬季明显高于夏季。对人体危害较大的金属元素主要富集在小于 2 0 μm的细颗粒上 ,Mn、Zn、Cu和Co主要分布在氧化态、水可溶态、碳酸盐态和有机态中 ,Pb和V主要分布在不溶态中     

土壤有机质和活性铁组分对γ--666光解动力学的影响研究

研究了γ 6 6 6在有机碳含量分别为 <0 0 8% ,0 40 %± 0 0 6 %和 1 0 0 %± 0 2 8%而铁含量依次增加的三组土样中的光解动力学 ,γ 6 6 6的光解符合准一级动力学方程 .当土样中的铁含量相对不变时 ,γ 6 6 6的光降解动力学常数与有机质含量成负相关 ;而当土样中的有机碳含量相对不变时 ,光解动力学常数与铁含量成线性正相关 .为进一步验证土壤有机质对γ 6 6 6的光解的作用 ,采用土壤化学逐级分离法将一土样中的碳酸钙和有机质逐一去除而得到一级和二级土样 ,发现γ 6 6 6在这两级土样中的光解动力学常数依次为 0 0 12 9h-1和 0 0 2 31h-1,再次证明土壤有机质对γ 6 6 6的光解有明显抑制作用     

序批式气提生物反应器(SABR)处理氯苯胺类有机废水好氧污泥颗粒化研究

研究了序批式气提生物反应器(SABR)处理氯苯胺类(CAs)有机废水过程中好氧污泥的颗粒化.SABR运行15d后,反应器内出现细小污泥颗粒,通过缩短循环时间与污泥沉降时间,并逐步提高COD与CAs进水负荷,SABR运行48d后污泥颗粒化明显;反应器在循环时间为12h、污泥沉降时间为6min、表面气速为2.4cm.s-1、COD负荷为1.0~3.6kg.m-3.d-1、CAs负荷逐步提升至800g.m-3.d-1的条件下继续运行50d,SABR污泥颗粒化趋于成熟,COD、CAs去除率稳定在90%、99.9%以上.根据污泥形态、最小沉降速率、SVI和目标污染物降解性能的变化,好氧污泥颗粒化过程可分为启动期、颗粒污泥形成期、生长期和成熟期.成熟好氧颗粒污泥粒径为0.9~2.5mm,平均颗粒密度为64g.L-1(以MLVSS计),污泥最小沉降速率为68.4m.h-1,SOUR为167mg.g-1.h-1;颗粒污泥外形为圆形或椭圆形,呈橙黄色,结构较致密,颗粒内外分布有丰富的类球菌、类短杆菌,与胞外多聚物交织共存.     

土壤中铜的形态及其转化

本文报告了使用连续提取方法研究加铜培育的黄棕壤、水稻土、红壤、砖红壤中铜的形态,并初步考察了土壤酸度、氧化还原状况等因素对铜形态的影响,对铜在不同矿物之间结合形态的转化进行了模拟。     

Selenium Distribution in Topsoils and Plants of a Semi-arid Mediterranean Environment

Selenium was determined from 25 topsoils and 25 plants in the semi-arid Central Spain where large extents of soils are developed on evaporitic materials. Some species of vegetation associated with them are of the genera Astragalus, Salsola, Mercurialis, Phlomis, Thymus and Atriplex. Total selenium in soils was determined and its bioavailability assessed by chemical sequential fractionation. Se content in soils was adequate (in the range 0.17–0.39 mg kg⁻¹) or large (in the range 0.50–4.38 mg kg⁻¹) and appeared in highly and/or potentially available forms. Several plant species showed high Se levels (in the range 5–14.3 mg kg⁻¹), which can be a potential risk of toxicity to animals. Data obtained from the study area can be used as a guide to the range of values in soils and plants of the European Mediterranean area that are relatively unpolluted from industrial sources, allowing comparison with more polluted areas.     

我国南方一些酸性土壤铝存在形态的初步研究

以连续提取法研究了我国南方主要酸性土壤铝的形态及其分布特点，探讨了不同铝形态之间的关系及其与母质、成土过程、环境条件的联系。还研究了土壤酸化对铝形态转化的影响．并以连续提取法提取的三种铝形态（交换性铝、活性羟基铝，有机络合态铝）来讨论现今常用的Ａｌ。（Ｔａｍｍ溶液提取）和Ａｌｄ（ＤＣＢ溶液提取）所可能包含的实际土壤铝形态，分析表明，Ａｌ０和Ａｌｄ无明确的形态意义，只是上种由操作定义的多形态组成的混合物。     

The Role of a Salt Marsh Plant on Trace Metal Bioavailability in Sediments. Estimation By Different Chemical Approaches * (7 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background The presence or absence of vegetation can condition sediment characteristics. The main aim of this work was to investigate the influence of the sea rush Juncus maritimus on metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) availability to organisms living on or in estuarine sediments, from Douro River (NW Portugal), by comparing the characteristics and chemical behaviour of rhizosediments (collected within the plant assemblage) and those of sediment (collected around the plant). In order to evaluate whether and how sediment characteristics condition the role of plants on metal availability, sandy and muddy sediments colonised by J. maritimus were studied in parallel. Methods Metal availability was estimated by enzymatic digestion with pepsin (ED), which may provide an estimate of metal availability to organisms living at estuarine sediments. Nevertheless, since no consensus exists yet on the most suitable methodologies to estimate metal bioavailability in sediments, two more conventional approaches, BCR sequential extraction (SE) and AVS/SEM model, were also used, in parallel, and the information these approaches provided was compared with that provided by ED. Total-recoverable metal contents were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after sediment digestion using a high-pressure microwave system. Results and Discussion Plants could concentrate metals around its roots and rhizomes. In addition, they were capable of oxidizing (release of oxygen by the roots) the anaerobic medium surrounding their roots in muddy sediment (reducing AVS). As sulphide oxidation renders metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) into more soluble forms, according to the AVS/SEM model, metals from muddy sites would be more available in rhizosediment than in sediment. The SE approach led to a similar conclusion. Nevertheless, the results provided by ED pointed at opposite conclusion, particularly for Cd and Zn, indicating less availability at rhizosediments than in the surrounding sediment. ED results were interpreted as a consequence of an enrichment of the rhizosediment in organic ligands exuded by the roots or liberated by dead plants. The effect of complexation of metals by organic compounds, which ED could not decompose/dissolve, seemed to overcome that caused by sediment oxidation. In general, a comparison of the information about metal availability by ED, SE, AVS/SEM, showed that it did not always match and in few cases it was even contradictory. Conclusion and Outlook Therefore, a thorough evaluation of the metal availability in sediments requires a combination of different chemical approaches, so as to take into consideration differences in ways of organism exposure (interstitial water and/or ingestion of sediment particles). - * The basis of this peer-reviewed paper is a presentation at the 9th FECS Conference on 'Chemistry and Environment', 29 August to 1 September 2004, Bordeaux, France.