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191.
Optimizing carbon sequestration in commercial forests by integrating carbon management objectives in wood supply modeling 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Charles P.-A. Bourque Eric T. Neilson Chris Gruenwald Samantha F. Perrin Jason C. Hiltz Yvon A. Blin Geoffrey V. Horsman Matthew S. Parker Christie B. Thorburn Michael M. Corey Fan-rui Meng D. Edwin Swift 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(7):1253-1275
This paper provides a methodology for generating forest management plans, which explicitly maximize carbon (C) sequestration at the forest-landscape level. This paper takes advantage of concepts first presented in a paper
by Meng et al. (2003; Mitigation Adaptation Strategies Global Change 8:371–403) by integrating C-sequestration objective functions in existing
wood supply models. Carbon-stock calculations performed in WoodstockTM (RemSoft Inc.) are based on C yields generated from volume table data obtained from local Forest Development Survey plots
and a series of wood volume-to-C content conversion factors specified in von Mirbach (2000). The approach is used to investigate the impact of three demonstration forest-management scenarios on the C budget in a
110,000 ha forest in south-central New Brunswick, Canada. Explicit demonstration scenarios addressed include (1) maximizing
timber extraction either by clearcut or selection harvesting for greatest revenue generation, (2) maximizing total C storage
in the forest landscape and in wood products generated from harvesting, and (3) maximizing C storage together with revenue
generation. The level of clearcut harvesting was greatest for scenario 1 (≥15 × 104 m3 of wood and ≥943 ha of land per harvesting period), and least for scenario 2 (=0 m3 per harvesting period) where selection harvesting dominated. Because softwood saw logs were worth more than pulpwood ($60 m−3 vs. $40 m−3) and were strategic to the long-term storage of C, the production of softwood saw logs exceeded the production of pulpwood
in all scenarios. Selection harvesting was generally the preferred harvesting method across scenarios. Only in scenario 1 did levels of clearcut harvesting occasionally exceed those of selection harvesting, mainly in the removal of old, dilapidated
stands early in the simulation (i.e., during periods 1 through 3). Scenario 2 provided the greatest total C-storage increase over 80 years (i.e., 14 × 106 Mg C, or roughly 264 Mg ha−1) at a cost of $111 per Mg C due to lost revenues. Scenarios 3 and 1 produced reduced storage rates of roughly 9 × 106 Mg C and 3 × 106 Mg C, respectively; about 64% and 22% of the total, 80-year C storage calculated in scenario 2. The bulk of the C in scenario 2 was stored in the forest, amounting to about 76% of the total C sequestered. 相似文献
192.
193.
层次分析室内评价模型及其应用 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
提出了一种新的室内空气质量评价的方法———层次分析模型(IAAH)。利用IAAH法对长春部分室内空气质量进行了评价,结果表明室内空气属中等以上程度污染。 相似文献
194.
Fuelwood plays an important role in the rural economy of the developing countries of Asia and Africa. Optimizing energy fixation
in forest trees through high density energy plantations (HDEP), gasification of wood, and conversion of forest tree biomass,
are some of the potential areas whereby additional research and development input for efficient management of atmospheric
carbon in our energy system can be incorporated. For example, the photosynthetic efficiency of forest trees is rarely above
0.5%, which on the basis of theoretical considerations can be increased by up to 6.6%. Thus there is an ample scope to improve
the efficiency up to 1%, which amounts to doubling of the productivity of the forests.
Recent policy changes and experiences with wood-based bio-energy programmes in several countries indicate that woodfuels may
become increasingly attractive as industrial energy sources. Use of biodiesel and the formulation of a project for undertaking
13.4 million ha of Jatropha plantations in India highlight the seriousness with which the Government of India is promoting carbon neutral energy plantations.
The cost of establishment of plantations primarily for fuel production and its conversion to energy are major deterrents in
this pursuit. Some of the issues in developing countries, like low productivity on marginal lands, degraded forest lands,
and unorganized units for biomass energy conversion, result in cost escalation as compared to other energy sources. This paper
revisits the scope for raising energy plantations, a comparison of the direct and indirect mitigation potential uses of plantations
as an adaptation strategy through reforestation and afforestation projects for climate change mitigation and socio-economic
issues to make this venture feasible in developing countries. 相似文献
195.
王方 《安全.健康和环境》2003,3(4):25-27
笔者就长输原油管道反打孔盗油抢修施工中如何进行HSE管理提出自己的看法,建议从5个方面重点考虑,并对此5个方面中应当注意的事项一一说明。 相似文献
196.
R. D. Lasco M. M. Cardinoza 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(2):243-257
Climate change is one of the most pressing environmental problems humanity is facing today. Forest ecosystems serve as a source
or sink of greenhouse gases, primarily CO2. With support from the Canadian Climate Change Fund, the Community-based Natural Resource Management for Carbon Sequestration
project in East Timor (CBNRM-ET) was implemented to “maintain carbon (C) stocks and increase C sequestration through the development
of community-based resource management systems that will simultaneously improve livelihood security”. Project sites were in
the Laclubar and Remexio Sub-districts of the Laclo watershed. The objective of this study was to quantify baseline C stocks
and sequestration benefits of project components (reforestation with fast-growing species, primarily Casuarina equisetifolia, and agroforestry involving integration of Paraserianthes falcataria). Field measurements show that mature stands (≥30 years) of P. falcataria and C. equisetifolia contain up to 200 Mg C ha−1 in above ground biomass, indicating the vast potential of project sites to sequester carbon. Baseline C stocks in above ground
biomass were very low in both Laclubar (6.2 Mg C ha−1 for reforestation sites and 5.2 Mg C ha−1 for agroforestry sites and Remexio (3.0 Mg C ha−1 for reforestation and 2.5 Mg C ha−1 for agroforestry). Baseline soil organic C levels were much higher reaching up to 160 Mg C ha−1 in Laclubar and 70 Mg C ha−1 in Remexio. For the next 25 years, it is projected that 137 671 Mg C and 84 621 Mg C will be sequestered under high- and
low C stock scenarios, respectively. 相似文献
197.
本文在全面分析了位于北京市朝阳区劲松东口京华大厦基坑的工程地质及水文地质资料后,结合多年的工程经验,对该基坑的降水方案提出了合理的设计与施工措施,并取得了非常理想的降水效果,保证了工程的顺利完成。 相似文献
198.
Dhazn Gillig Bruce A. McCarl Ronald D. Sands 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2004,9(3):241-259
An econometrically estimated family ofresponse functions is developed forcharacterizing potential responses togreenhouse gas mitigation policies by theagriculture and forestry sectors in theU.S. The response functions are estimatedbased on results of anagricultural/forestry sector model. Theyprovide estimates of sequestration andemission reductions in forestry andagriculture along with levels of sectoralproduction, prices, welfare, andenvironmental attributes given a carbonprice, levels of demand for agriculturalgoods, and the energy price. Sixalternative mitigation policiesrepresenting types of greenhouse gasoffsets allowed are considered. Resultsindicate that the largest quantity ofgreenhouse gas offset consistently appearswith the mitigation policy that pays forall opportunities. Restricting carbonpayments (emission tax or sequestrationsubsidy) only to aff/deforestation or onlyto agricultural sequestration substantiallyreduces potential mitigation. Highercarbon prices lead to more sequestration,less emissions, reduced consumer and totalwelfare, improved environmental indicatorsand increased producer welfare. 相似文献
199.
Charalampos Petsikos Panagiotis Dalias Andreas Y. Troumbis 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2007,120(2-4):325-329
The present work aimed at studying the effect of Oxalis pes-caprae invasion in the herbaceous understory of olive groves in the island of Lesvos, Greece. The number of species, their biomass and dead plant material production was followed throughout the vegetative period in invaded and non-invaded plots. Species richness in the area invaded by O. pes-caprae gradually declined and was significantly smaller in comparison with the natural vegetation. Although biomass was equal in the invaded and non-invaded areas 1 month after germination, annual net primary production (NPP) was three times smaller in the invaded than the non-invaded area. Moreover, aboveground dead plant material of O. pes-caprae decomposed faster than a mixture of litter species of the natural vegetation. Lower biomass production in combination with increased decomposition rates of O. pes-caprae is expected to lead to reduced soil C sequestration in invaded areas. It was concluded that although O. pes-caprae does not add a new life form or functional type to the invaded herbaceous system it has considerable impacts on the diversity and ecosystem functions in olive groves. 相似文献
200.
Liselotte Sundström 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1993,33(5):345-354
Summary The genetic population structure and the sociogenetic organization of the red wood ant Formica truncorum were compared in two populations with monogynous colonies and two populations with polygynous colonies. The genetic population structure was analysed by measuring allele frequency differences among local subsets of the main study populations. The analysis of sociogenetic organisation included estimates of nestmate queen and nestmate worker relatedness, effective number of queens, effective number of matings per queen, relatedness among male mates of nestmate queens and relatedness between queens and their male mates. The monogynous populations showed no differentiation between subpopulations, whereas there were significant allele frequency differences among the subpopulations in the polygynous population. Workers, queens and males showed the same genetical population structure. The relatedness among nestmate workers and among nestmate queens was identical in the polygynous societies. In three of the four populations there was a significant heterozygote excess among queens. The queens were related to their male mates in the polygynous population analysed, but not in the monogynous ones. The data suggest limited dispersal and partial intranidal mating in the populations with polygynous colonies and outbreeding in the populations having monogynous colonies. Polyandry was common in both population types; about 50% of the females had mated at least twice. The males contributed unequally to the progeny, one male fathering on average 75% of the offspring with double mating and 45–80% with three or more matings.
Correspondence to: L. Sundström 相似文献