Drought can offset potential water use efficiency of forest ecosystems from rising atmospheric CO2

Increasing atmospheric CO₂ is both leading to climate change and providing a potential fertilisation effect on plant growth. However, southern Australia has also experienced a significant decline in rainfall over the last 30 years, resulting in increased vegetative water stress. To better understand the dynamics and responses of Australian forest ecosystems to drought and elevated CO₂, the magnitude and trend in water use efficiency (WUE) of forests, and their response to drought and elevated CO₂ from 1982 to 2014 were analysed, using the best available model estimates constrained by observed fluxes from simulations with fixed and time-varying CO₂. The ratio of gross primary productivity (GPP) to evapotranspiration (ET) (WUEe) was used to identify the ecosystem scale WUE, while the ratio of GPP to transpiration (Tr) (WUEc) was used as a measure of canopy scale WUE. WUE increased significantly in northern Australia (p < 0.001) for woody savannas (WSA), whereas there was a slight decline in the WUE of evergreen broadleaf forests (EBF) in the southeast and southwest of Australia. The lag of WUEc to drought was consistent and relatively short and stable between biomes (≤3 months), but notably varied for WUEe, with a long time-lag (mean of 10 months). The dissimilar responses of WUEe and WUEc to climate change for different geographical areas result from the different proportion of Tr in ET. CO₂ fertilization and a wetter climate enhanced WUE in northern Australia, whereas drought offset the CO₂ fertilization effect in southern Australia.     

重金属污染河流生态修复区挺水植物对重金属的吸收特性

为了分析比较滇东南选矿区重金属污染河流——小白河生态修复区所种植芦苇和香蒲对重金属的吸收及生态修复效果差异,于2015年4月在小白河西岸野生植物区及东岸生态修复区采集土壤及植物样品,对样品进行烘干、消解,使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定样品中铅（Pb）、锌（Zn）、铬（Cr）和镍（Ni）这4种重金属的含量,使用原子荧光光谱法测定样品中砷（As）的含量.结果表明:①小白河东岸生态修复区湿地底泥中As和Zn污染最为严重,但东岸底泥中各重金属含量已明显低于西岸,其中芦苇种植区底泥中w（As）和w（Ni）较西岸分别降低了38.82%和50.53%,香蒲种植区底泥中w（As）和w（Ni）较西岸分别降低了13.54%和21.95%.②芦苇对As、Pb、Zn和Pb、Cr以及Cr、Ni这3组重金属的吸收存在显著的协同作用,香蒲对重金属吸收的协同作用表现在As、Zn、Ni和Pb、Cr这2组重金属中,这种重金属吸收协同作用在芦苇中更明显.③芦苇对Cr的生物富集系数（BCF）较高,对Cr的转运系数（TF）为0.80,属于富集型耐受策略,芦苇对Zn和Ni属于根部囤积型耐受策略;香蒲对Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr这4种重金属的BCF较大,TF均接近1,属于富集型耐受策略,对As属于根部囤积型耐受策略.研究显示,芦苇可作为重金属污染河流生态修复区的先锋植物,香蒲的重金属生物富集效率较高,将重金属富集于地上部的能力较强,可考虑将植物分区种植的模式改为间作种植,并定期收割香蒲地上部,以使生态修复区具有更好的重金属修复效果.      

某型飞机起落架舱上蒙皮振动测量与分析

目的研究起落架舱上蒙皮裂纹原因。方法通过建立起落架舱有限元模型,进行固有频率特性计算,同时空测故障区域蒙皮的振动加速度以及动应力,对起落架舱蒙皮的振动情况进行分析。结果起落架舱三角区故障区域振动量级大于非故障区域,起落架舱三角区振动功率谱密度最大值的频率区间在200~500 Hz的中频频段,起落架舱三角区结构振动的幅值与飞机的法向过载Ny密切相关,静载大概是动载的100倍。结论飞机机动过载产生的静载远大于振动产生的动载,起落架舱三角区故障区域以静载为主,是造成裂纹的主要原因。     

白泥烟气脱硫技术与燃煤电厂工程应用

系统地考察了白泥的物化特性、白泥脱硫浆液的特性,并对w（白泥浆液）、pH等因素对脱硫性能的影响进行了研究.在国电肇庆热电有限公司2×350 MW超临界锅炉机组上开展了工程化应用研究,对比研究了白泥脱硫与传统石灰石-石膏法脱硫的性能与石膏副产物特性.结果表明:w（白泥浆液）和pH对脱硫效率影响较为明显,w（白泥浆液）低于12.5%的条件（5.0%、8.0%）下,pH由10.0减至6.0时,脱硫效率逐渐减小;w（白泥浆液）为12.5%的条件下,pH对脱硫效率的影响基本可以忽略;在三层浆液喷淋填料塔内,液气比为8 L/m3,空塔气速为0.4 m/s,脱硫效率最高可达96.7%以上.350 MW燃煤电厂白泥脱硫工程应用结果表明,采用单塔双循环工艺,在运行负荷为240~249 MW范围内,ρ（SO₂）为1 948~1 999 mg/m3的条件下,白泥脱硫的效率（99.25%~99.49%）优于石灰石-石膏法（99.18%~99.20%）;白泥作为脱硫剂时,烟气出口ρ（SO₂）最低仅为10 mg/m3,可满足超低排放标准对SO₂控制的要求.研究显示,与石灰石-石膏法生成的石膏副产物相比,白泥脱硫石膏在酸不溶物、含水率等指标及外观方面基本接近,符合建材制品要求,满足副产物资源化要求.      

我国典型陆地生态系统固碳重要区范围界定

全球变暖已成为当今最主要的全球性环境问题之一,建立固碳重要区也是应对全球气候变化的重要途径之一.根据我国陆地生态系统现状以及固碳相关的最新研究结果和政府文件,以森林、草地生态系统为主要研究对象,采用GIS空间叠置分析方法,界定我国典型陆地生态系统固碳重要区(注:涉及“全国”的各要素范围均未包含港澳台地区)的空间范围.研究结果:固碳重要区评价指标体系包括生态系统碳储量、碳汇和固碳潜力3个核心因子,界定过程包括界定范围选择、固碳高值区识别、固碳重要区范围确定和分区命名等步骤.在全国尺度界定了森林、草地两大类共计20个固碳重要区,总面积285.6×104 km2.其中,森林生态系统固碳重要区主要分布在我国东北部、西南部的深山区和东南部的山地丘陵,草地生态系统固碳重要区主要分布在内蒙古高原中东部、新疆西北部山地和青藏高原东南部.固碳重要区面积占全国国土总面积的29.8%,所提供的NPP(净初级生产力)量占全国NPP总量的40.7%,固碳能力是全国平均水平的1.37倍.固碳重要区范围界定结果符合“以较小面积获取较大服务”原则,适于作为我国实现碳减排目标的优先保护区域.      

封存过程中CO2流体与煤中矿物作用关系研究进展

利用深部煤层封存二氧化碳(CO2),既能减排主要人为温室气体CO2,又能同步开采煤层气(主要成分为甲烷,即CH4)。在适宜CO2封存的含煤储层条件下,CO2属于超临界流体,其易与煤中部分无机矿物发生作用,进而改变煤的理化性质,最终影响煤层的CO2封存效果。为此,归纳了煤中易与CO2发生作用的矿物分布特征,分析了CO2与矿物间的作用规律及其对煤理化性质的影响,并指出了后续研究方向。结果表明,煤中易与CO2流体发生作用的无机矿物主要包括碳酸盐矿物和黏土矿物。上述矿物的分布与煤变质程度和沉积环境有关。在封存过程中,超临界CO2流体与煤中矿物间的作用会改变煤体孔隙结构、煤的CO2吸附能力和含煤储层渗透率。针对CO2与煤中矿物的作用关系,后续需开展以下研究:CO2流体与煤中矿物之间的微观作用机理;CO2流体与煤层顶底板中主要无机矿物的作用规律;实际储层条件(温度、压力和地应力等)对CO2与矿物之间作用关系的影响;CO2与矿物之间的相互作用对同步采收CH4的影响。     

Application of the Red‐List Index at a National Level for Multiple Species Groups

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List Index (RLI) is recognized as one of the key indicators of trends in the status of species. The red‐list assessment done by Finnish authorities of species in Finland is taxonomically one of the most extensive national assessments. We used the Finnish Red Lists from 2000 and 2010 to calculate for the first time the national RLIs for 11 taxonomic groups at different trophic levels and with different life cycles. The red‐list index is calculated on the basis of changes in red‐list categories and indicates trends in the status of biological diversity of sets of species. The RLI value ranges from 0 to 1. The lower the value the faster the set of species is heading toward extinction. If the value is 1, all species in the set are least concern and if the value is 0, all species are (regionally) extinct. The overall RLI of Finnish species decreased. This means that, in Finland, these taxonomic groups were heading toward extinction faster in 2010 than in 2000. Of the analyzed groups of organisms, RLIs of 5 decreased and RLIs of 6 increased. At the national level, the RLIs and status trends varied markedly between species groups. Thus, we concluded that generalizations on the basis of RLIs of a few taxa only may yield a biased view of ongoing trends in the status of biological diversity at the species level. In addition, one overall RLI that includes many different species groups may also be misleading if variation in RLI among species groups is not considered and if RLI values are not presented separately for each group. Aplicación del Índice de la Lista Roja a Nivel Nacional para Grupos de Especies Múltiples     

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and pentacyclic triterpene saponins in the defensive secretions of Platyphora leaf beetles

Summary. Field collected exocrine defensive secretions of nine neotropical Platyphora species were analyzed for the presence of plant acquired pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and pentacyclic triterpene saponins. All species secrete saponins. In addition, five species feeding on Tournefortia (Boraginaceae), Koanophyllon (Asteraceae, tribe Eupatorieae) and Prestonia (Apocynaceae) were shown to sequester PAs of the lycopsamine type, which are characteristic for species of the three plant families. The PA sequestering species commonly store intermedine, lycopsamine and their O^3′-acetyl or propionyl esters as well as O⁷- and O⁹-hydroxyisovaleryl esters of retronecine. The latter as well as the O^3′-acyl esters were not found in the beetles’ host plants, suggesting the ability of the beetles to esterify plant derived retronecine and intermedine or its stereoisomers. Despite the conformity of the beetles’ PA patterns, considerable inconsistencies exist regarding the PA patterns of the respective host plants. One host plant was devoid of PAs, while another contained only simple necines. Since the previous history of the field collected beetles was unknown this discrepancy remains obscure. In contrast to the Palearctic chrysomeline leaf beetles, e.g. some Oreina species which ingest and store PAs as their non-toxic N-oxides, Platyphora leaf beetles absorb and store PAs as the toxic free base (tertiary PA), but apparently avoid to accumulate PAs in the haemolymph. This suggests that Chrysolina and Platyphora leaf beetles developed different lines of adaptations in their parallel evolution of PA mediated chemical defense. Received 30 November 2000; accepted 5 February 2001     

Positive association of queen number and queen-mating frequency Myrmica ants: a challenge to the genetic-variability hypotheses

Detailed knowledge of the mating system in specific social insect populations is essential for testing general evolutionary hypotheses of multiple paternity in eusocial Hymenoptera. We have studied the mating frequency of queens in a polygynous population of the red ant Myrmica sulcinodis. Genetic mother-offspring analysis showed that double mating occurred at a considerable frequency, but that the effective number of queen-mates remained close to one. After quantifying the effects of multiple maternity (polygyny) and multiple paternity (polyandry) on the genetic diversity of workers, we conclude that multiple paternity in M. sulcinodis did not evolve as an adaptation to increase genetic variation within colonies. Contrary to the predictions from `genetic variability' hypotheses, we found a positive correlation between colony-specific queen number and the average number of mates per queen. Such positive association of queen number and frequency of multiple mating was also found after analysing comparative data across six species of Myrmica ants. These results suggest that resticted dispersal of young queens may be a common factor promoting both polygyny and polyandry at the same time, and that moderate degrees of multiple mating may be an unselected consequence of (1) mating at low cost when mating occurs close to the nest and (2) mating in swarms with a highly male biased operational sex ratio. Future comparative tests of genetic-variability hypotheses should therefore not include species with such evolutionary derived mating system characteristics. Received: 30 April 1998 / Accepted after revision: 19 August 1998     

Orientation in the intertidal salt-marsh collembolan Anurida maritima

We investigated the cues used by the intertidal insect Anurida maritima (Apterygota: Collembola) to orient to the appropriate zone in which to seek shelter during high tide. Our experiments clearly ruled out any significant role for magnetic, local topographic, slope or celestial cues. Instead, we suggest that the difference between the appearance of the up-shore and the down-shore horizon is the major cue used by the collembolans. When a mirror was used to duplicate either of the two horizons, the insects were not able to orient. The insects moved towards an artificially dark horizon (the reverse of the mirror) placed down-shore, the opposite of their usual direction of movement. The insects had an endogenous circatidal rhythm of phototactic behaviour: most of the population was always negatively phototactic, but between 2 and 7 h after low tide, a significant proportion of the population became positively phototactic. This is the first demonstration of an endogenous tidal rhythm of orientation in an insect. Received: 31 May 1999 / Received in revised form: 1 February 2000 / Accepted: 19 February 2000