蜡染废水在线处理回用及热能回收工程实例

采用絮凝沉淀-ClO2脱色-砂滤-微波无极紫外光催化氧化工艺对青岛凤凰印染有限公司蜡染印花水洗废水进行处理,详细论述了该工艺的运行特点、处理及回用效果。结果表明,在进水COD及色度波动很大的情况下,处理后废水水质长期稳定达到COD100 mg/L,色度10倍,其他各项水质指标均可满足蜡染水洗工序的生产回用要求,并回收了水中的热能。废水回用率达80%,日节水200 t,节约热能折合成标准煤约为1 t,为印染行业完成节能20%,减排20%的总体目标提供了新的思路。     

Anticipating public attitudes toward underground CO2 storage

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) may play a central role in managing carbon emissions from the power sector and industry, but public support for the technology is unclear. To address this knowledge gap, and to test the use of discrete choice analysis for determining public attitudes, two focus groups and a national survey were conducted in Canada to investigate the public's perceptions of the benefits and risks of CCS, the likely determinants of public opinion, and overall support for the use of CCS.The results showed slight support for CCS development in Canada, and a belief that CCS is less risky than normal oil and gas industry operations, nuclear power, or coal-burning power plants. A majority of respondents indicate that they would support the use of CCS as part of a greenhouse gas reduction strategy, although it would likely have to be used in combination with energy efficiency and alternative energy technologies in order to retain public support.     

Focusing Ecological Research for Conservation

Ecologists are increasingly actively involved in conservation. We identify five key topics from a broad sweep of ecology that merit research attention to meet conservation needs. We examine questions from landscape ecology, behavioral ecology, ecosystem dynamics, community ecology, and nutrient cycling related to key topics. Based on literature review and publication trend assessment, consultation with colleagues, and roundtable discussions at the 24th International Congress for Conservation Biology, focused research on the following topics could benefit conservation while advancing ecological understanding: 1. Carbon sequestration, requiring increased linkages to biodiversity conservation; 2. Ecological invasiveness, challenging our ability to find solutions to ecological aliens; 3. Individual variation, having applications in the conservation of rare species; 4. Movement of organisms, integrating ecological processes across landscapes and scales and addressing habitat fragmentation; and 5. Trophic-level interactions, driving ecological dynamics at the ecosystem-level. Addressing these will require cross-disciplinary research under the overarching framework of conservation ecology.     

Exploration and exploitation of food sources by social insect colonies: a revision of the scout-recruit concept

Social insect colonies need to explore and exploit multiple food sources simultaneously and efficiently. At the individual level, this colony-level behaviour has been thought to be taken care of by two types of individual: scouts that independently search for food, and recruits that are directed by nest mates to a food source. However, recent analyses show that this strict division of labour between scouts and recruits is untenable. Therefore, a modified concept is presented here that comprises the possible behavioural states of an individual forager (novice forager, scout, recruit, employed forager, unemployed experienced forager, inspector and reactivated forager) and the transitions between them. The available empirical data are reviewed in the light of both the old and the new concept, and probabilities for the different transitions are derived for the case of the honey-bee. The modified concept distinguishes three types of foragers that may be involved in the exploration behaviour of the colony: novice bees that become scouts, unemployed experienced bees that scout, and lost recruits, i.e. bees that discover a food source other than the one to which they were directed to by their nest mates. An advantage of the modified concept is that it allows for a better comparison of studies investigating the different roles performed by social insect foragers during their individual foraging histories. Received: 29 December 1999 / Revised: 25 February 2000 / Accepted: 16 October 2000     

浙江省梅汛期洪涝灾情分析和预测

通过所构设的雨涝强度、雨涝影响面积等统计量来估计浙江省梅汛期的灾情,有较高的准确率,能估计出极端情况,为灾害评估工作提供了新的思路。     

Are Nitrogen-Fertilized Forest Soils Sinks or Sources of Carbon?

We developed a simple conceptual model that tracks nitrogen and carbon jointly through an N fertilized forest ecosystem. The stimulation of growth increases the litterfall and imports substrate for soil microorganisms. Microbial biomass forms according to the supply of C and N. The formation of microbial biomass is accompanied by respiratory C losses. The quantity of CO₂ efflux depends on the C use efficiency of microbes. When excess N is available, the microbial activity is accelerated and the demand for substrate is high. Litterfall supplies an insufficient amount of C to the soil. In such a case, labile soil C is mineralized and the net effect of N fertilization is a loss of soil C. A strong N fertilization effect on the aboveground biomass can offset the soil C loss. In the case of a low N dosage or high N losses due to leaching or emission of nitrogen oxides, the soil C loss is small. The conceptual model was applied to a case study. The field data, collected over a time span of several decades, could not support sound conclusions on the temporal trend of soil C because the spatial and temporal variability of the chemical data was high. The conceptual model allowed to give an evaluation of the fertilization effect on soil C based on reproducible principles.     

贵州省农村农药使用情况调查及水源地污染现状研究

介绍了国内饮用水源地农药污染研究现状,并对贵州省9个行政区划内的27个县乡,总计200多家农药销售市场的农药销售状况及农户的农药使用情况进行调查。采用气相色谱/质谱联用技术(GC/MS),对贵阳市红枫湖、阿哈水库、百花湖3个城市饮用水源地的15个监测断面中的13种有机农药残留进行检测,结果检出α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH、三唑酮、腐霉利6种农药。其中,HCHs主要来自于环境残留及农药林丹的使用。     

改性污泥活性炭对水中镉离子的吸附性能

以城市污水处理厂的剩余污泥为原料,氯化锌为活化剂制备污泥活性炭,对一部分污泥活性炭用6.0 mol/L的硝酸进行改性,并研究了未改性和改性的污泥活性炭对Cd2＋的吸附行为的影响。结果表明,在pH为5.0、Cd2＋初始浓度为100 mg/L、吸附剂投加量为2.0 g/L、反应温度为25℃时,未改性的污泥活性炭吸附容量为8.45 mg/g,硝酸改性的污泥活性炭吸附容量达到了23.35 mg/g。改性和未改性的污泥活性炭对Cd2＋都有较好的吸附容量,硝酸改性大幅度提高了污泥活性炭对Cd2＋的吸附性能。常温下改性污泥活性炭对Cd2＋的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温式。     

铅锌矿尾矿制备陶粒处理选矿废水

以铅锌矿浮选尾矿为原料,水玻璃和木质素作为添加剂,通过高温焙烧,制备水处理陶粒,并用其对选矿废水进行了吸附处理实验研究。实验结果表明,在不添加任何添加剂的条件下,800℃左右烧制的陶粒对选矿废水的COD吸附效果较好,COD去除率达到87.1%;当木质素+水玻璃作为粘结剂烧制陶粒时,不仅陶粒散落减少,COD的去除率和吸附容量都有所增加,COD去除率达到了88.21%,从而达到了"以废治废"的目的。     

Zamzam water: concentration of trace elements and other characteristics

Many Muslims drink Zamzam water for use either medicinally or religiously. Millions of pilgrims drink it and take bottles of it to their home countries. Heated scientific and political debates appeared after BBC reported in May 2011 that Zamzam water is poisonous, because of the high levels of arsenic. The World Health Organizations classifies arsenic as a human carcinogen, but some types of arsenic are also used as medicines. Adequate scientific studies on the Zamzam water are absent. This paper will provide, for the first time, basic and comprehensive information regarding the geochemical properties of Zamzam water for more than 30 indicators and using the state-of-the-art laboratory facilities. The data will help us to understand the sources of pollution under discussion, reactions at both local and international levels; and will highlight the potential healing capacity of Zamzam water. Thirty Zamzam water samples were collected by three distinct methods; from 10 pilgrims living in different locations in Germany in 2007, 10 samples from shops in Frankfurt and Berlin in 2011, and 10 samples directly from Makkah in 2011. The samples were analyzed 2 weeks after collection for more than 30 indicators: pH, EC, Eh, Cl, F, Br, NO₃, PO₄, SO₄, HCO₃, Ag, Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn beside others. Four major instruments were used; the IC, the ICPOES, the ICPMS and the HGAAS. The quality of the water did not change for 2 years and there was an excellent agreement among the results of the 30 water samples as well as between the results of the 2 years for the same samples analyzed in 2007 and 2008. The water is alkaline (average pH is 8) with an average Li concentration of 15 μg L⁻¹. The average concentrations of As and NO₃ showed values three times higher than the WHO standards (27 μg L⁻¹ and 150 mg L⁻¹, respectively). The averages of Ca and K were 95 and 50 mg L⁻¹, respectively. Very urgent steps are required to scientifically screen for the elevated parameters As, NO₃, Ca, and K in all Zamzam water sources and locations with full transparency. The resultant information should be made available to the public, and the relationship between pollution and human health should be addressed. The alkalinity of Zamzam water and the presence of trace amounts of As and Li may cause the healing power. However, a scientific strategy should be developed and adopted to enable further research and studies on toxicology and treatment technologies could be applied if needed.