SO32-/HSO5-体系去除印染生化尾水溶解性有机污染物

印染废水常规生化处理尾水中仍残余一定浓度的溶解性有机污染物（DOM）和新标准严格管控的苯胺.采用亚硫酸钠活化过硫酸氢钾复合盐（SO₃^2-/HSO₅^-）产硫酸根自由基（SO₄^-·）高级氧化体系对尾水进行深度处理,并基于响应面法优化初始pH值、反应温度、SO₃^2-/HSO₅^-物质的量比和HSO₅^-投加量对COD和苯胺去除效果的单独及交互影响.结果表明该体系对苯胺具有非常显著的去除效果,同时对COD亦有一定的降解能力.影响因子对COD和苯胺降解效果贡献排序分别为：温度>n（SO₃^2-）/n（HSO₅^-）>n（HSO₅^-）>初始pH值和n（HSO₅^-）>n（SO₃^2-）/n（HSO₅^-）/初始pH值>温度.在实验优化后得到的最佳条件下（pH=6.8,温度为53℃,SO₃^2-/HSO₅^-物质的量比为1.6,HSO₅^-投加量为37.1mmol/L）反应10min,出水的COD和苯胺去除率分别达到33%和90%.进一步分析了印染生化尾水处理前后DOM的荧光和分子特性,三维荧光光谱（3DEEMs）发现芳香族蛋白质和溶解性微生物代谢产物是原尾水中DOM的主要组分,经不同氧化条件下出水中DOM的荧光强度明显降低且性质发生改变,荧光区域标准体积削减了42.03%~77.67%;同时观察到氧化出水中类色氨酸（Ex/Em=230~225nm/340~330nm）峰值发生了5~10nm的蓝移,推测尾水中稠环芳烃分解为小分子,共轭基团和芳香环数量减少;凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）结果表明DOM中大分子（0.45 μm~100kDa）物质比例为41%,中等分子（12~100kDa）物质的比例为48.9%,峰值分子量（Mp）为56.324kDa,Mw/Mn=2.168,处理后的出水Mp主要分布在12.28~17.56kDa范围内,小分子物质数量增多,结构和种类发生变化;气相色谱质谱（GC-MS）进一步揭示氧化出水中的烷烃类物质含量明显降低,主要副产物为一些酯类、醇类和脂肪酸物质,为后续进一步生化处理创造了条件.     

黑炭分解的影响因素及其激发效应机制研究进展

黑炭是生物质和化石燃料不完全燃烧形成的富含C的固体有机材料,广泛存在于环境中,具有长期存储C的潜力,在全球C循环中具有重要作用,并且被作为减缓气候变化的重要策略。然而,当前我们有关黑炭分解及其激发效应机制的知识是有限的。因此,需要全面深入了解影响黑炭分解的控制因素及其激发效应的可能机制。本文首先对黑炭分解研究进行综合分析,详细评述了气候/培养条件,土壤特征、黑炭性质以及干扰因素对黑炭分解的影响及其机理。其次,介绍了黑炭激发效应的测定方法,重点综述了黑炭激发效应大小与方向的影响因素及其可能机制。最后,指出了黑炭分解及其激发效应研究的不足,并提出了未来研究需要关注的问题和方向,以期为将黑炭融入到土壤有机质和生态系统模型提供借鉴。     

生物炭对滨海湿地盐碱土壤碳氮循环的影响

滨海湿地盐碱土壤在全球碳氮循环及调节气候变化中起着重要作用。环境友好型土壤改良剂生物炭（Biochar,BC）在缓解气候变化和促进农业可持续发展方面前景巨大。然而,现有研究多关注BC对滨海湿地盐碱土壤中温室气体排放及土壤氮素流失的影响,缺乏其对滨海湿地盐碱土壤碳氮循环的深入研究和系统总结。本文综合分析了施用BC对滨海湿地盐碱土壤植被碳库、有机碳库、有机碳矿化及生物固氮、硝化、反硝化、矿化、氨损失等碳氮循环过程的影响和可能机制。指出未来应关注长期野外研究,利用宏基因组等现代分子生物技术,阐明BC对土壤碳氮循环影响的分子生物学机制,以期为滨海湿地生态系统的修复与功能保育提供理论依据。     

混凝和活性炭吸附去除微污染水源水中DON的研究

溶解性有机氮(dissolved organic nitrogen,DON)作为饮用水中新兴氮消毒副产物(nitrogenous disinfection by-products,N-DBPs)的前体物逐渐受到国内外学者的关注.为探讨混凝和活性炭吸附对微污染水源水中DON的去除机制,首先测定原水中DON、溶解性有机炭(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)、NH4+-N、UV254、pH和溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)等指标和DON、DOC分子量分布;接着通过混凝和活性炭吸附试验来考察原水中DON、DOC和UV254变化,并应用三维荧光光谱对原水中DON变化进行表征.结果表明,微污染水源水中DON、DOC和UV254分别为1.28 mg.L-1、8.56 mg.L-1和0.16 cm-1,DOC与DON比值(DOC/DON)为6.69 mg.mg-1,SUVA为1.87 m-1.(mg.L-1)-1;小分子量(<6 000)DON占较高比例约为68%,大分子量(>20 000)DON占的比例为22%;当混凝剂投加量为10 mg.L-1,DON的去除率大约为20%,DOC和UV254去除率约26%、70%;当活性炭投加量为1.0 g,DON、DOC和UV254的去除率大约为60%、35%、100%;混凝和活性炭吸附组合试验时,对DON、DOC的去除率大约为82%和64%;三维荧光光谱证实,原水中DON变化与3个主要峰有关,分别代表物质为色氨酸类蛋白质、芳香族类蛋白质和富里酸类物质.     

Disentangling the effects of heterogeneity, stochastic dynamics and sampling in a community of aquatic insects

A dynamic and heterogeneous species abundance model generating the lognormal species abundance distribution is fitted to time series of species data from an assemblage of stoneflies and mayflies (Plecoptera and Ephemeroptera) of an aquatic insect community collected over a period of 15 years. In each year except one, we analyze 5 parallel samples taken at the same time of the season giving information about the over-dispersion in the sampling relative to the Poisson distribution. Results are derived from a correlation analysis, where the correlation in the bivariate normal distribution of log abundance is used as measurement of similarity between communities. The analysis enables decomposition of the variance of the lognormal species abundance distribution into three components due to heterogeneity among species, stochastic dynamics driven by environmental noise, and over-dispersion in sampling, accounting for 62.9, 30.6 and 6.5% of the total variance, respectively. Corrected for sampling the heterogeneity and stochastic components accordingly account for 67.3 and 32.7% of the among species variance in log abundance. By using this method, it is possible to disentangle the effect of heterogeneity and stochastic dynamics by quantifying these components and correctly remove sampling effects on the observed species abundance distribution.     

Monitoring and estimating the flow conditions and fish presence probability under various flow conditions at reach scale using genetic algorithms and kriging methods

The combination of current velocity and water depth influences stream flow conditions, and fish activities prefer particular flow conditions. This study develops a novel optimal flow classification method for identifying types of stream flow based on the current velocity and the water depth using a genetic algorithm. It is applied to the Datuan stream in northern Taiwan. Fish were sampled and their habitat investigated at the study site during the spring, summer, fall and winter of 2008-2009. The current velocity, water depth and maps of the presence probability of fish were estimated by ordinary and indicator kriging. The optimal classification results were compared with the classification results obtained using the Froude number and empirical methods. The flow classification results demonstrate that the proposed optimal flow classification method that considers depth-velocity and optimally identified criteria for classifying flow types, yields a current velocity and water depth of 0.32 (m/s) and 0.29 (m), respectively, and classifies the flow conditions in the study area as pool, run, riffle and slack. The variography results of the current velocity and the water depth data reveal that seasonal flows are not spatially stationary among seasons in the study area. Kriging methods and a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model (River 2D) with empirical and optimal flow classification methods are more effective than the Froude number method in classifying flow conditions in the study area. The flow condition classifications and probability maps were generated by River 2D, ordinary kriging and indicator kriging, to quantify the flow conditions preferred by Sicyopterus japonicus in the study area. However, the proposed optimal classification method with kriging and River 2D is an effective alternative method for mapping flow conditions and determining the relationship between flow and the presence probability of target fish in support of stream restoration.     

填充墙对底框结构地震反应的影响

为研究填充墙对底层框架多层砌体房屋地震反应的影响,以典型的填充墙-底层框架多层砌体房屋为基础,建立有限元计算模型并进行了弹塑性动力时程分析。根据不同模型的计算结果以及填充墙的刚度和强度,分析了填充墙对底层框架多层砌体房屋自振周期、地震作用下房屋整体变形、底层框架的损伤以及填充墙与底层框架相互作用的影响。计算结果表明:填充墙对房屋整体地震反应产生明显影响,其影响不能忽略。在上部砌体结构质量和刚度不变的情况下,结构自振周期随着填充墙刚度的增加而降低;随着填充墙与底层框架之间连接作用的增强,结构整体的变形减小,底层框架的损伤增大。当填充墙与底层框架之间采用弱连接时,采用强度较高的填充墙可以提高结构整体的变形能力,从而提高结构整体的抗震能力。     

多年施用生物炭对河南烤烟种植区土壤呼吸的影响

为探究生物炭施用对土壤呼吸的影响,采用5 a定位试验(2013～2017年)研究了不施生物炭(CK)、施用1. 5 t·hm-2生物炭(T1)、施用15 t·hm-2生物炭(T2)、施用45 t·hm-2生物炭(T3)这4种处理下土壤呼吸及土壤水热因子的动态变化规律.结果表明:(1)在土壤中连续5a施入中剂量生物炭(T2:15 t·hm-2)显著降低了烤烟生长季土壤呼吸速率,降幅为25. 89%;当施入量增至45 t·hm-2(T3)时土壤呼吸速率显著增加,增幅为21. 48%(P 0. 05).(2)长期中剂量生物炭的添加显著降低了土壤异养呼吸速率和自养呼吸速率,降幅分别为29. 80%和28. 75%;大剂量生物炭(T3:45 t·hm-2)的施入显著增加了土壤异养呼吸速率,增幅为28. 88%.低剂量生物炭(T1:1. 5 t·hm-2)和中剂量生物炭均显著增加土壤呼吸中自养呼吸的比例,大剂量生物炭的施入显著增加了异养呼吸的比例(P 0. 05).(3)低剂量生物炭显著降低了烤烟生长季土壤5 cm温度;大剂量生物炭显著降低了土壤5 cm湿度.土壤呼吸与土壤5 cm温度之间呈显著指数相关,与土壤5 cm湿度之间未表现出显著相关(P 0. 05).综上,连续5a低剂量生物炭的施用对土壤呼吸无影响,适量生物炭的施用具有固碳减排效应,大剂量生物炭施用则会适得其反,建议生物炭施用范围应控制在15 t·hm-2以内.     

燃煤全过程脱硫技术

从国内实际出发，开发了一套高效、价廉、以废治废的燃煤全过程脱硫技术，并对其机理做了详细的研究。     

安全生产是企业领导者的首要工作

本文结合鞍钢多年安全生产工作实践,从企业领导者的角度,阐述了安全生产在企业中的地位、作用及重要性,提出了一把手安全生产负责制的对策及实施方法,这对于提高企业领导者的安全素质,搞好企业的安全生产工作具有重要的指导作用。