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31.
Steven De Gryze Juhwan LeeStephen Ogle Keith PaustianJohan Six 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2011,144(1):150-158
We predicted changes in yields and direct net soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from converting conventional to alternative management practices across one of the world's most productive agricultural regions, the Central Valley of California, using the DAYCENT model. Alternative practices included conservation tillage, winter cover cropping, manure application, a 25% reduction in N fertilizer input and combinations of these. Alternative practices were evaluated for all unique combinations of crop rotation, climate, and soil types for the period 1997-2006. The crops included were alfalfa, corn, cotton, melon, safflower, sunflower, tomato, and wheat. Our predictions indicate that, adopting alternative management practices would decrease yields up to 5%. Changes in modeled SOC and net soil GHG fluxes corresponded to values reported in the literature. Average potential reductions of net soil GHG fluxes with alternative practices ranged from −0.7 to −3.3 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1 in the Sacramento Valley and −0.5 to −2.5 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1 for the San Joaquin Valley. While adopting a single alternative practice led to modest net soil GHG flux reductions (on average −1 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1), combining two or more of these practices led to greater decreases in net soil GHG fluxes of up to −3 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1. At the regional scale, the combination of winter cover cropping with manure application was particularly efficient in reducing GHG emissions. However, GHG mitigation potentials were mostly non-permanent because 60-80% of the decreases in net soil GHG fluxes were attributed to increases in SOC, except for the reduced fertilizer input practice, where reductions were mainly attributed to decreased N2O emissions. In conclusion, there are long-term GHG mitigation potentials within agriculture, but spatial and temporal aggregation will be necessary to reduce uncertainties around GHG emission reductions and the delivery risk of the associated C credits. 相似文献
32.
常规监测高锰酸盐指数-酸性法,通过对高锰酸盐指数空白测试与检测限、空白质控图、空白加标回收率进行测试研究,可以得到理想的监测结果。 相似文献
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将桉树叶提取液绿色还原氧化石墨烯(G-rGO)电极和微生物还原氧化石墨烯(B-rGO)电极依次作为微生物燃料电池(MFC)阳极,采用红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)对所制备的电极进行表征,并采用循环伏安法(CV)、交流阻抗法(EIS)对比2种电极的电化学性能.结果发现,G-rGO阳极的内阻为243.87Ω,应用于MFC时最大功率密度和最大输出电压分别为18.77 W·m~(-3)和760 mV,对照组B-rGO电极的内阻为299.11Ω,将其应用于MFC时最大功率密度和最大输出电压分别为13.16 W·m~(-3)和635 mV,对照组未修饰阳极的内阻为375.21Ω,最大功率密度和最大输出电压分别为8.97 W·m~(-3)和480 mV.研究表明,G-rGO电极电阻更小,导电性能更优越. 相似文献
35.
长江三角洲水田保护性耕作制度的碳收集效应估算 总被引:11,自引:1,他引:10
耕作制度对农田土壤有机碳的稳定和积累作用显著,探讨耕作制度演变下农田土壤碳库动态,将有助于农田土壤碳收集的技术选择及政策制定。利用已发表的田间定位试验数据,构建不同耕作制度下长江三角洲水田耕层土壤有机碳密度的估算模型。依据该区近20多年来耕作制度演变动态,对保护性耕作制度的土壤碳收集效应进行了初步估算。结果表明,油菜面积的扩大、小麦的少免耕和作物秸秆的还田分别约增加土壤耕层有机碳0.94 Tg、2.76 Tg和3.95 Tg,其中以麦稻复种转向油稻复种的单位面积碳收集效应为最高。最后,就碳收集效应估算的方法进行了相关讨论,并就土壤碳收集研究和如何提高土壤碳收集潜力提出了一些建议。 相似文献
36.
海洋碳汇渔业绿色发展空间关联性及其外溢效应对于海水养殖业的有效协调和区域海洋环境的有效保护具有重要意义,科学估算沿海各省(自治区)海水养殖渔业碳汇量并探讨其空间相关性特征是制定差异化渔业碳汇发展政策的重要基础。根据2006—2016年中国大陆沿海9个省(自治区)的碳汇渔业资源清查数据,在检验和比较省域空间渔业碳汇总量相关性特征的基础上,运用空间计量模型分析了渔业碳汇的外溢效应及其影响因素。结果表明:①中国海水养殖渔业碳汇量整体上呈现上升趋势,但各省渔业碳汇量也存在明显差异。②研究期内的Moran's I指数整体呈现为"V"型的波动变化特征,渔业碳汇在省域空间分布上的差异性并不是随机的,而是具备显著的空间相关性。③海水养殖渔业碳汇存在明显的空间外溢效应,通过随机效应的杜宾模型分解后得出渔业产值、劳动力投入的直接效应为正,而渔业受灾面积和科研项目经费投入的直接效应为负;从间接效应来看,渔业产值在各省域间存在竞争与依存关系,海水养殖业劳动力投入和渔业技术推广的项目经费投入在各省域间存在互补关系。因此,中国沿海各省份在发挥海洋水产养殖业生态功能时,应当考虑省域区位因素,合理制定兼具差异化和协调性的海洋碳汇渔业发展政策。 相似文献
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Management by objectives (MBO) is a technique for integrating ecological concerns into national political and administrative
structures. Politicians determine environmental objectives and interim targets to be implemented and assessed by civil servants
in national, regional, and local contexts. Well-developed organizational communication is a prerequisite for MBO. However,
communication-related obstacles can arise when using MBO in public environmental management. We examine communicative aspects
of environmental MBO, looking specifically at the implementation, administration, and assessment of Swedish environmental
quality objectives. Our argument is illustrated by quotations from individual and focus group interviews. We conclude that
communicative problems may arise, because different actors interpret messages from different perspectives, depending on their
agendas, prior knowledge and experience, and positions in the administrative system. It is crucial to recognize the dialogical
aspects of communication, by involving the receiver of a message in a process of response. In addition, the different timeframes
underlying different arguments could contribute to misunderstandings between actors involved in handling environmental issues.
In assessing the achievement of environmental objectives, indicators are used as communicative tools. It is important to investigate
whether and how these indicators contribute to the de- and recontextualization of environmental objectives. 相似文献
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40.
Result-oriented approaches to the management of drinking water catchments in agricultural landscapes
Alexander Wezel Maria Zipfer Christine Aubry Fabienne Barataud Alois Heißenhuber 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2016,59(2):183-202
Management of water quality in drinking water catchments is of ongoing, high importance as nitrate concentrations are often still very high. We analysed the Augsburg catchment in Germany, a unique example where a result-oriented approach has been implemented. We investigated the historical evolution of the water protection programme, the result-oriented payment contracts with farmers, and farmer satisfaction with the contracts, based on interviews with the water utility and farmers as well as an analysis of the literature. Today, the water protection programme has been successfully implemented, and a significant reduction of nitrate concentration was achieved due to the following factors: (1) investment of non-negligible amounts of money for high compensation and remuneration payments, (2) different contract options, (3) farmers’ participation in the negotiation process for result-oriented payment contracts, (4) involvement of “outside” people and institutions in negotiation processes, (5) anticipation of starting a programme when nitrate levels were still far below legislative thresholds, and (6) a political and legislative framework allowing direct decisions by a water supplier. 相似文献