一体化A_mO_n工艺BP神经网络数学模型研究

讨论基于BP神经网络一体化AmOn污水处理工艺数学模型的构建。在分析神经网络和一体化AmOn污水处理工艺各自特点的基础上,建立了具有11个输入层节点、5个输出层节点以及包含两层隐含层的BP神经网络,并确定了各隐含层的节点数、网络的权值和阈值。对模型的验证结果表明:BP神经网络模型基本反映了AmOn一体化工艺的主要特点,网络预测出水结果与实测结果相差不大,神经网络模型具有较好的泛化能力。     

森林生态系统生态资产核算的模式与方法

全球变化背景下.植被对CO2的减排作用得到了广泛关注.森林生态系统具有诸多功能,不同功能的货币化基准难以统一,是进行总体生态资产价值定量核算的制约要素.在资源、环境与生态经济原理指导下,分析相关方法评估生态系统生态资产的可行性,选择量化评估参数,并通过多种模式与方法进行估算乌鲁木齐城市2004年森林生态系统的生态资产.森林生态系统涵养水源类、生物多样性维持类、净化空气类、保护土壤类以及大气调节类生态资产分别为0.224 8×108元、10.608 8x108元、0.630 8×108元、0.2592×108元及12.9653×108元,乌鲁木齐市森林生态总资产为24.6889×108元.各类生态资产具有一定的时空差异性.城市森林生态系统生态资产估算模式及方法的研究具有重要的理论价值与现实意义.     

关于单株玉米耗水量的探讨

一株玉米一生究竟需要消耗多少水,目前尚无定论。国内外许多著作中,一株玉米一生蒸腾耗水量常常引用"200kg"这一数据。在《中国玉米栽培学》中,则提出了蒸腾耗水量为80kg/株,两者相差2.5倍。文章通过中国科学院禹城综合试验站大量的玉米农田蒸发实验数据,分析了生长在自然条件下单株玉米的蒸腾耗水量和玉米平均总耗水(包括蒸腾量和棵间蒸发量),得到如下结果:①单株春玉米的总耗水量为100kg/株左右,蒸腾耗水量为60kg/株左右;②华北平原夏玉米总耗水量为50~80kg/株,蒸腾耗水量为30~40kg/株;③只要土壤水分不出现长期干旱,土壤水分状况不会对单株玉米耗水量产生大的影响;④种植密度对单株玉米需水量产生重大影响,当玉米种植密度由5.0×10⁴株/hm²增至10.0×10⁴株/hm²时,总耗水量仅增加13.18%,而单株耗水量减少了44.48%。这些数据可供参考。     

铁盐和铝盐混凝剂对消毒副产物的控制作用及机制研究

以三氯化铁和硫酸铝为研究对象,探讨了两种混凝剂对三氯甲烷生成量的控制作用及控制机制．结果表明,与硫酸铝相比,三氯化铁可以更好地控制三氯甲烷的生成量,对有机物的去除方面,也具有良好的效果．E4／E6变化表明,三氯化铁和硫酸铝对水中有机物的去除机制不同,硫酸铝主要去除水中大分子的有机物,三氯化铁更倾向于去除水中小分子有机物,而这些小分子有机物通常是消毒副产物的前体物,从而使三氯化铁对消毒副产物的控制作用较硫酸铝明显．     

中国电力工业烟气脱硫的现状及发展趋势

研究我国电力工业燃煤发电厂烟气脱硫的现状及其发展趋势 ,包括我国电力工业大气SO2 污染状况 ,烟气脱硫现状 ,烟气脱硫综合经济技术评价 ,烟气脱硫技术的选择和烟气脱硫的发展趋势。研究与开发有针对性和较强应用前景的烟气脱硫技术 ,发展具有独立自主知识产权的烟气脱硫技术 ,是我国电力工业烟气脱硫技术及设备国产化的必经之路     

A critical geography approach to land and water use in the tourism economy in Los Cabos,Baja California Sur,Mexico

ABSTRACT

This paper offers a critical assessment of how tourism development in the municipality of Los Cabos, Baja California Sur affects land and water use. Los Cabos is a seaside tourism Mecca located at the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula, in Mexico’s northwest. There, subsidised profits and a process of dispossession in the tourism sector have to do mainly with land and water appropriation in the form of restrictions to beach access by the local population, urban segregation and, in an arid region, privileging water provision for the tourism industry over the needs of the population. In order to sustain these claims, we map water and land use for tourism in Cabo San Lucas. We also analyse the expansion of the Los Cabos type of tourism to the small town of La Ribera, in the East Cape-Cabo Pulmo area, where marinas and high scale housing for residential tourism sprout along the coast. We argue that the seemingly ever-growing presence of tourism in the region carries with it an urgent call for the reappraisal of current approaches to land and water use, if local resources are to deliver quality of life for the population, and not only economic profitability for (mostly) foreign capital. Analytically, we address these issues by unpacking David Harvey’s concept of accumulation by dispossession, which – we argue – is for our purposes a broader tent than the (mostly Latin American) theorisations on extractivism, as we explain later in the relevant section of the paper.     

Industrial transformation towards sustainability of the energy system

Human induced climate change is one of the single most significant indicators that human society is not pursuing a sustainable trajectory. Managing the risks requires a major transformation of the way energy needs are met. Such a transformation includes changes in the production and consumption system and the incentive structure that shapes this system. The major driving force for transformation is the public concern about the environmental impact of the present fossil fuel based energy system. We may expect that energy producers, encouraged by governments, NGOs and consumer preferences will be responding to these concerns and expectations sooner or later. In fact a number of major international energy companies are presently adjusting their strategies to the needs and concerns of the public. A mix of measures including energy efficiency, a switch to natural gas, major investments in low carbon and renewable energy technologies and underground storage of carbon are elements of such new strategies. Consumers in a number of OECD countries have expressed their willingness to pay more for energy, provided it is green and clean. NGOs continue to put pressure on governments to deal with the climate problem. The challenge for governments is to develop an institutional framework that helps the producers and consumers to go through a transformation of the energy system. As different groups in society are likely to support different strategies, this paper suggests that a pluralistic policy approach including efficiency standards, renewable energy portfolio standards, carbon taxes, and the introduction of a system of tradable emission permits is the most promising approach for a transformation towards a low carbon energy economy. Research can support a transformation of the energy system by exploring the various transformation scenarios. Such research should take a multi-disciplinary approach, it should focus on the energy system as a whole, including production, consumption and the incentive structure that shapes the interaction between the two and it should be international in scope. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dibenzothiophenes in wetland sediments and aquatic insects in the oil sands area of Northeastern Alberta, Canada

An immense volume of tailings and tailings water is accumulating in tailings ponds located on mine leases in the oil sands area of Alberta, Canada. Oil sands mining companies have proposed to use tailings- and tailings water-amended lakes and wetlands as part of their mine remediation plans. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are substances of concern in oil sands tailings and tailings water. In this study, we determined concentrations of PAHs in sediments, insect larvae and adult insects collected in or adjacent to three groups of wetlands: experimental wetlands to which tailings or tailings water had been purposely added, oil sands wetlands that were located on the mine leases but which had not been experimentally manipulated and reference wetlands located near the mine leases. Alkylated PAHs dominated the PAH profile in all types of samples in the three categories of wetlands. Median and maximum PAH concentrations, especially alkylated PAH concentrations, tended to be higher in sediments and insect larvae in experimental wetlands than in the other types of wetlands. Such was not the case for adult insects, which contained higher than expected levels of PAHs in the three types of ponds. Overlap in PAH concentrations in larvae among pond types suggests that any increase in PAH levels resulting from the addition of tailings and tailings water to wetlands would be modest. Biota-sediment accumulation factors were higher for alkylated PAHs than for their parent counterparts and were lower in experimental wetlands than in oil sands and reference wetlands. Research is needed to examine factors that affect the bioavailability of PAHs in oil sands tailings- or tailings water-amended wetlands.     

森林碳汇的估算方法及其发展趋势

森林生态系统是地球陆地生物圈的主体,也是陆地表面最大的碳库,在全球碳循环研究中扮演着重要角色,它通过同化作用吸收固定大气中的CO_2,抑制其浓度上升的功能对于应对气候变化问题具有积极的现实意义.准确地估算森林生态系统的碳汇储量,不仅有利于解释全球碳收支不平衡的问题,也有利于促进林业碳汇交易的快速发展.但是目前的估算方法在具有一定适用性的同时也都存在着各自的不足.评述了目前国内外应用最为广泛的样地清查法、涡度相关法及应用遥感技术的模型模拟法三种森林碳汇估算方法的发展历史和应用现状,并分析了各方法的优点与局限性.最后指出:应根据实际情况选择适合的单一方法或几种方法的结合来估算森林碳汇,以便提高估算精度;应加强森林生态系统内部联系及数据时空转换、插补的研究,并充分发挥各方法的优势,采取多种方法相结合的方式完善连续观测系统和区域监测网络的建设,降低估算方法中的不确定性,为大尺度估算提供合理的参数和数据分析基础.     

一起带状屑割伤车工双腿事故的原因及预防措施

利用安全系统工程学中事故树分析法对带状屑割伤车工双腿事故进行了分析 ,并提出了防止事故发生的预防措施。