不同情境下桉树碳汇林最佳轮伐期分析

碳汇林具有碳汇价值和木材价值,最佳轮伐期是影响碳汇林收益的重要因素,但目前相关研究较少。以浙江省苍南县桉树碳汇林为研究对象,构建了同时考虑碳汇价值和木材价值的最佳轮伐期模型,并利用桉树生长模型,通过模拟计算,系统地分析了纳入模型的碳价格、贴现率、木材价格和劳动力价格等四个变量,在不同情境下,对碳汇林最佳轮伐期的影响。同时,探讨了上述变量对碳汇林收益净现值的影响。结果表明:当碳价格为55元/t、贴现率为5%、木材价格为700元/m3和劳动力价格为100元/工日时,桉树碳汇林最佳轮伐期为8年,单位面积收益净现值为99 053.80元/hm2,其中碳汇收益净现值只占8.60%;此外,碳价格、贴现率和木材价格对碳汇林最佳轮伐期负相关,而劳动力价格与碳汇林最佳轮伐期正相关。     

Estimation of the annual scavenged amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by forests in the Pearl River Delta of Southern China

Leaves of six main tree species from the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in Southern China were collected to identify the interspecific variability, the spatial variability and the seasonal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons' (PAHs) concentrations, and to calculate the amount of PAHs removed by leaves. PAHs concentrations in pine needles were much higher than in broad-leaves and leaves from urban/industrial areas (Baiyunshan and Heshan) exhibited two times greater concentrations than leaves from the rural area (Dinghushan). Seasonal variations of PAHs in leaves occurred with lesser concentrations in September. Leaves in PRD scavenged 3.7 ± 0.9 t PAHs y⁻¹, accounting for about 10% of the total amount emitted in this region. This result suggests that forests play an important role in the fate of PAHs.     

环氧乙烷生产安全——热力学效应中的温度控制

从化工热力学角度出发,讨论当前工业生产常用的氧气氧化法制环氧乙烷工艺中,乙烯氧化反应单元氧化反应器易发生"飞温",而导致火灾爆炸等重大事故的原因:主副反应均为放热反应;副反应为完全氧化反应,反应热为主反应的十几倍;温度升高将导致反应选择性下降,速率加快,系统进入"自热"状况,进而导致热失控,甚至引发火灾爆炸事故。进而提出温度控制是保证氧气氧化法制环氧乙烷生产安全的关键,并建议工业生产中采用改善反应器结构、改良催化剂、改进换热方式、加入抑制剂以及采用比热容更大的甲烷气致稳等控温措施。     

处理日本遗弃在华化学武器专用透气防毒服的研究

本文针对日本遗弃在华化学武器的性质和特点,根据销毁工程对个人防护装备的需求．通过对目前国内外主要透气防毒材料的比较分析,提出了专用透气防毒服内外层纺织材料的技术性能指标和要求．为专用透气防毒服的研制做了前期技术准备。     

Sequestration of phorbolesters by the aposematically coloured bug Pachycoris klugii (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae) feeding on Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae)

Summary. The phorbol ester DHPB has been detected in 5th instars and adults of Pachycoris klugii which feed on Jatropha curcas, a producer of phorbol esters with mollusc-, insect-, and vertebrate toxicity. DHPB from Pachycoris activates protein kinase C (PKC) which appears to be the main molecular target for phorbol esters. Phorbol esters of J. curcas exhibit a wide range of acute toxic effects in vertebrates and insects. It is therefore likely that the sequestration of DHPB, which would explain the aposematic colouration of the bugs, confers chemical protection to P. klugii against vertebrate predators. Received 26 April 2000; accepted 31 May 2000     

利用农业土壤固定有机碳——缓解全球变暖与提高土壤生产力

大气CO     

以电代煤的经济与环境效益分析

我国《能源发展战略行动计划(2014—2020年)》指出,加快构建清洁、高效、安全、可持续的现代能源体系,重点实施"绿色低碳"等四种能源发展战略,因此"以电代煤"将成为我国未来能源战略中的一项重要选择。本文运用技术经济分析法和排放系数法,计算了八大主要用能部门以电代煤的经济成本和环境价值。计算结果表明:各部门用电设备的初始投资和电力消费等经济成本是燃煤设备的初始投资及燃煤消费等经济成本的1.8~2.8倍,但是,以用电设备替代燃煤设备的环境价值非常可观。在考虑了环境外部性成本后,居民生活行业,商业,非金属矿物制品业,石油加工、炼焦和核燃料加工业,化学原料和化学制品制造业,以及非高耗能工业六个部门进行"以电代煤"在目前的情况下具有经济可行性,而有色金属冶炼和压延工业,以及黑色金属冶炼和压延工业"以电代煤"暂时不具有经济可行性。最后,提出了相关政策建议。     

Organic carbon stock in topsoil of Jiangsu Province, China, and the recent trend of carbon sequestration

Data collection of soil organic carbon(SOC) of 154 soil series of Jiangsu, China from the second provincial soil survey and of recent changes in SOC from a number of field pilot experiments across the province were collected. Statistical analysis of SOC contents and soil properties related to organic carbon storage were performed. The provincial total topsoil SOC stock was estimated to be O. 1 Pg with an extended pool of 0.4 Pg taking soil depth of 1 m, being relatively small compared to its total land area of lOl?00 km^2. One quarter of this topsoil stock was found in the soils of the Taihu Lake region that occupied 1/6 of the provincial arable area. Paddy soils accounted for over 50% of this stock in terms of SOC distribution among the soil types in the province. Experimental data from experimental farms widely distributed in the province showed that SOC storage increased consistently over the last 20 years despite a previously reported decreasing tendency during the period between 1950--1970. The evidence indicated that agricultural management practices such as irrigation, straw return and rotation of upland crops with rice or wheat crops contributed significantly to the increase in SOC storage. The annual carbon sequestration rate in the soils was in the range of 0.3-3.5 tC/(hm^2. a), depending on cropping systems and other agricultural practices. Thus, the agricultural production in the province, despite the high input, could serve as one of the practical methods to mitigate the increasing air CO2.     

3种生物处理方式对污泥减量效果的比较及优化

通过间歇试验得到3种生物方式(污泥好氧消化、厌氧消化以及颤蚓摄食)对污泥的比减量速率、污泥减量速率和污泥减量比例.当初始污泥浓度为2 500mg·L^-1时,经过24h减量,颤蚓摄食、厌氧消化和好氧消化3种方式对污泥的比减量速率R分别为0.13 mg·(mg·d)^-1,0.09 mg·(mg·d)^-1和0.03 mg·(mg·d)^-1,对污泥的减量速率分别为315 mg·(L·d)^-1,263mg·(L·d)^-1和65 mg·(L·d)^-1.通过细菌荧光染色和脱氢酶活性检测证实颤蚓摄食在短时间内对污泥中细菌细胞膜的破坏程度最大,可以将颤蚓摄食和厌氧消化相组合强化对污泥的减量.对于初始浓度为2 500mg·L^-1的污泥,颤蚓摄食12h后再厌氧消化36h,可以在2d左右使污泥减量的比例达到30%,减量比速率为0.25 mg·(mg·d)^-1.当初始污泥浓度增加到4 240mg·L^-1,颤蚓摄食时间需要延长到24h方能保证组合工艺对污泥最大程度地减量.     

黄土区果园和刺槐林生态系统土壤有机碳变化及影响因素

果园和刺槐是黄土区小流域综合治理中两种典型土地利用方式,对比分析二者土壤固碳功能变化有助于深入了解小流域综合治理条件下陆地生态系统土壤碳循环过程及其影响因素.在中国科学院长武黄土高原农业生态试验站,针对20世纪80年代以来综合治理的王东沟小流域,选取坡地上不同生长年限苹果园和刺槐林群落,测定表层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)以及根系生物量和地表凋落物含量,研究不同治理措施下SOC的变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明:1随生长年限的增加,苹果园中SOC、TN含量呈降低趋势,而刺槐林中呈增加趋势.与农地(对照)相比,3年、8年、12年、18年苹果园SOC、TN含量分别降低了3.26%、10.54%、18.08%、22.55%和-8.08%、-0.48%、4.97%、16.91%,12年、18年、25年刺槐林SOC、TN含量分别增加了5.31%、32.36%、44.13%和2.49%、15.75%、24.22%;23年、8年、12年、18年苹果园细根生物量,分别为农地(对照)的25.97%、66.23%、85.71%和96.10%,凋落物量均为0 g·m-2,而12年、18年、25年刺槐林细根生物量相较农地(对照),分别增加了23.53%、79.41%、157.35%,凋落物输入量分别为194、298、433g·(m2·a)-1;3有机物输入差异是导致果园和刺槐生态系统土壤固碳功能差异化的重要原因.