“双碳”背景下中国能源消费碳排放与植被固碳的时空分异

为理解中国能源消费碳排放(ERCE)与植被固碳(VCS)的演变特征及空间差异,基于气象数据、遥感数据、土地覆盖数据及统计资料等,分别在全国尺度、省域尺度和县域尺度上,定量分析2000~2017年我国ERCE和VCS的动态变化与空间分异格局,并利用碳压力指数(CPI),表征二者之间的相互关系.结果表明:(1)我国ERCE和人均ERCE在2000~2017年间表现出显著增加趋势(P<0.01),但二者分别在2013年和2012年以后出现小幅下降;空间上,二者呈现出“北高南低、东高西低”的差异特征;(2)VCS和人均VCS均在2010年以后呈现快速增加趋势(P<0.01),幅度分别为148.09×10⁶t/a和0.04t/(人·a),东北、西南和黄土高原等区域VCS和人均VCS的增加幅度明显高于其他地区;(3)全国约有近1/3的省份CPI多年平均值在1以上(即ERCE高于VCS),其中上海、天津、江苏、山东、宁夏的CPI平均值较高,且增幅也相对较大,反映出这些区域具有较大的减排压力.研究结果可为我国不同区域碳减排政策的制定提供科学依据.     

城市垃圾处理方法综述

综述了目前我国城市垃圾的处理方法，并分析比较了各处理方法的化缺点以及对我国的适宜性，重点介绍了垃圾焚烧发电在我国的发展前景以及存在的有关问题。     

论行政首长环境保护目标责任制

行政首长环保目标责任制与其它制度相比，具有显效性、契约性和自费性的特点。科学制订环保目标责任书，要遵循科学性原则、定量化原则、先进性可行性原则、均衡性原则和民主性原则，实施中要合理分解目标，严格考核，奖惩兑现。     

物料衡算法计算燃煤SO_2排放总量的探讨

分析了现行燃煤ＳＯ_２排放总量计算方法的优缺点，提出了一种适合基层环保部门准确计征燃煤ＳＯ_２排污费使用的新方法。     

Making carbon sequestration a paying proposition

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) has increased from a preindustrial concentration of about 280 ppm to about 367 ppm at present. The increase has closely followed the increase in CO₂ emissions from the use of fossil fuels. Global warming caused by increasing amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is the major environmental challenge for the 21st century. Reducing worldwide emissions of CO₂ requires multiple mitigation pathways, including reductions in energy consumption, more efficient use of available energy, the application of renewable energy sources, and sequestration. Sequestration is a major tool for managing carbon emissions. In a majority of cases CO₂ is viewed as waste to be disposed; however, with advanced technology, carbon sequestration can become a value-added proposition. There are a number of potential opportunities that render sequestration economically viable. In this study, we review these most economically promising opportunities and pathways of carbon sequestration, including reforestation, best agricultural production, housing and furniture, enhanced oil recovery, coalbed methane (CBM), and CO₂ hydrates. Many of these terrestrial and geological sequestration opportunities are expected to provide a direct economic benefit over that obtained by merely reducing the atmospheric CO₂ loading. Sequestration opportunities in 11 states of the Southeast and South Central United States are discussed. Among the most promising methods for the region include reforestation and CBM. The annual forest carbon sink in this region is estimated to be 76 Tg C/year, which would amount to an expenditure of $11.1–13.9 billion/year. Best management practices could enhance carbon sequestration by 53.9 Tg C/year, accounting for 9.3% of current total annual regional greenhouse gas emission in the next 20 years. Annual carbon storage in housing, furniture, and other wood products in 1998 was estimated to be 13.9 Tg C in the region. Other sequestration options, including the direct injection of CO₂ in deep saline aquifers, mineralization, and biomineralization, are not expected to lead to direct economic gain. More detailed studies are needed for assessing the ultimate changes to the environment and the associated indirect cost savings for carbon sequestration.     

Why do house-hunting ants recruit in both directions?

To perform tasks, organisms often use multiple procedures. Explaining the breadth of such behavioural repertoires is not always straightforward. During house hunting, colonies of Temnothorax albipennis ants use a range of behaviours to organise their emigrations. In particular, the ants use tandem running to recruit naïve ants to potential nest sites. Initially, they use forward tandem runs (FTRs) in which one leader takes a single follower along the route from the old nest to the new one. Later, they use reverse tandem runs (RTRs) in the opposite direction. Tandem runs are used to teach active ants the route between the nests, so that they can be involved quickly in nest evaluation and subsequent recruitment. When a quorum of decision-makers at the new nest is reached, they switch to carrying nestmates. This is three times faster than tandem running. As a rule, having more FTRs early should thus mean faster emigrations, thereby reducing the colony’s vulnerability. So why do ants use RTRs, which are both slow and late? It would seem quicker and simpler for the ants to use more FTRs (and higher quorums) to have enough knowledgeable ants to do all the carrying. In this study, we present the first testable theoretical explanation for the role of RTRs. We set out to find the theoretically fastest emigration strategy for a set of emigration conditions. We conclude that RTRs can have a positive effect on emigration speed if FTRs are limited. In these cases, low quorums together with lots of reverse tandem running give the fastest emigration.     

青木关地下河中溶解态甾醇来源及迁移、转化特征

为阐述溶解态甾醇在地下河中的来源及迁移、转化过程和对水质状况评价,2013年7~11月在青木关地下河入口处、出露处和出口处进行定期采样,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对样品中溶解态甾醇的组分进行定量分析.结果表明,7~11月溶解态甾醇的平均含量变化为415~629 ng·L-1,随月份的增加地下河中溶解态甾醇的含量呈下降的趋势;从地下河入口至地下河出口溶解态甾醇的平均含量变化为724~374 ng·L-1;豆甾醇/胆固醇的平均比值变化为0.29~0.12,随地下河运移距离的增加二者的值均呈下降的趋势.成分组成上以胆固醇含量占优势,约占总含量的37.30%~94.85%,但各月组成变化较大.粪醇/胆固醇、粪醇/甾醇总量的比值均小于0.2,表明没有受到生活污水的污染,但随月份的增加二者比值大致呈增加的趋势.     

重庆市农田土壤有机碳时空变化与固碳潜力分析

区域土壤有机碳库、固碳潜力的估算,对全球气候变化中的碳循环研究具有重要意义.本研究基于1978—1979年全国第二次土壤普查和2007—2011年农业部"测土配方施肥"项目的数据,并结合大量前人调研资料和田间试验数据进行整理与比较分析.同时,采取土壤类型法估算了重庆市农田土壤碳库储量和碳密度;基于GIS分析了重庆市农田土壤碳密度的空间分布特征;对30年来各区县农田土壤碳量变化趋势进行拟合分析,估算了农田土壤固碳潜力.结果表明,土壤表层有机碳库总储量为233.54×106t,土壤有机碳密度平均值为3.08 kg·m-2;渝西南、渝东北和渝东南的农田土壤有机碳密度较高,长江干流沿岸及附近低山丘陵地区土壤有机碳密度较低;重庆市农田土壤固碳潜力约为30.82 Tg(以C计),农田土壤单位面积固碳潜力平均值为6.71 t·hm-2.     

超声干雾抑尘机理及其技术参数优化研究

为改善超声波雾化效果,提高超声干雾的除尘效率,根据空气动力学、"云"物理学和斯蒂芬流输运原理,研究超声干雾抑尘机理。采用自行设计的雾流参数测定试验装置,研究压缩空气的压力(气压)、水流量等指标对超声雾化器雾化效果的影响,得出超声雾化器合理的供气压力和供水流量。选取烧结磁铁矿粉尘为呼吸性粉尘样品,在超声雾化器最佳运行条件下对其除尘效率进行测定。研究结果表明:微细水雾有利于呼吸性粉尘的捕集。超声雾化器的最佳运行条件为:气压0.35 MPa,水流量30 L/h。在此运行条件下,其对呼吸性粉尘的平均除尘效率为98.3%,最高可达98.6%。