南方某水源水中天然有机物的特点及氯胺对氯化消毒副产物的控制

在对天然有机物分类的基础上进行了水体中有机物的特性研究，并采用氯胺对不同特性有机物的氯化消毒副产物进行了控制研究。结果表明，疏水酸占有机物总量的24％，疏水中性物质占41％，疏水性有机物占67％；对于三卤甲烷类消毒副产物生成势，疏水酸所产生的最多，疏水碱次之，亲水酸最少；对于卤乙酸类消毒副产物生成势，疏水碱产生的三卤乙酸最多，其次为疏水酸，亲水酸最少。氯胺对不同类有机物氯化消毒副产物控制程度不同，氯胺对疏水中性物质控制三卤甲烷类消毒副产物最好，其次是疏水碱和亲水碱；对疏水酸的三卤甲烷生成量控制较弱，对亲水酸的控制效果最差；氯胺对亲水碱氯化产生卤乙酸的控制效果最好，其次是疏水碱，控制效果最差的为疏水中性物质。     

合理开采与加工 为社会提供清洁煤炭

介绍安太堡露天煤矿各种层煤质特征及可选性，确定各煤层配采加工途径及预测混煤产品硫分的方法，阐述不同生产阶段地质勘探的必要性及混配洗选的具体方法。     

Can Advances in Science and Technology Prevent Global Warming?

The most stringent emission scenarios published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) would result in the stabilization of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) at concentrations of approximately 550 ppm which would produce a global temperature increase of at least 2 ^{^}C by 2100. Given the large uncertainties regarding the potential risks associated with this degree of global warming, it would be more prudent to stabilize atmospheric CO₂ concentrations at or below current levels which, in turn, would require more than 20-fold reduction (i.e., ≥95%) in per capita carbon emissions in industrialized nations within the next 50–100 years. Using the Kaya equation as a conceptual framework, this paper examines whether CO₂ mitigation approaches such as energy efficiency improvements, carbon sequestration, and the development of carbon-free energy sources would be sufficient to bring about the required reduction in per capita carbon emissions without creating unforeseen negative impacts elsewhere. In terms of energy efficiency, large improvements (≥5-fold) are in principle possible through aggressive investments in R&D and the removal of market imperfections such as corporate subsidies. However, energy efficiency improvements per se will not result in a reduction in carbon emissions if, as predicted by the IPCC, the size of the global economy expands 12–26-fold by 2100. Terrestrial carbon sequestration via reforestation and improved agricultural soil management has many environmental advantages, but has only limited CO₂ mitigation potential because the global terrestrial carbon sink (ca. 200 Gt C) is small relative to the size of fossil fuel deposits (≥4000 Gt C). By contrast, very large amounts of CO₂ can potentially be removed from the atmosphere via sequestration in geologic formations and oceans, but carbon storage is not permanent and is likely to create many unpredictable environmental consequences. Renewable energy can in theory provide large amounts of carbon-free power. However, biomass and hydroelectric energy can only be marginally expanded, and large-scale solar energy installations (i.e., wind, photovoltaics, and direct thermal) are likely to have significant negative environmental impacts. Expansion of nuclear energy is highly unlikely due to concerns over reactor safety, radioactive waste management, weapons proliferation, and cost. In view of the serious limitations and liabilities of many proposed CO₂ mitigation approaches, it appears that there remain only few no-regrets options such as drastic energy efficiency improvements, extensive terrestrial carbon sequestration, and cautious expansion of renewable energy generation. These promising CO₂ mitigation technologies have the potential to bring about the required 20-fold reduction in per capita carbon emission only if population and economic growth are halted without delay. Therefore, addressing the problem of global warming requires not only technological research and development but also a reexamination of core values that equate material consumption and economic growth with happiness and well- being.     

论环境侵害中因果关系的判定

环境侵害是现代社会的新生问题,作为一种新型的侵害行为,它具有缓慢性、持续性,从而使因果关系判定发生困难。本文提出适用因果关系推定原则,并由加害人承担更多的举证责任来解决这一难题     

重庆地区云水的飞机观测

1989年10月3～13日,在重庆地区上空1500～4000m 进行了云水和污染气体的飞机观测。结果表明云水大都酸化并污染,亚硫酸根在硫氧酸根中占33.5％。     

排污收费制度与城市污水处理厂的发展

文章分析了排污收费制度、企业点源水污染治理情况和城市污水处理厂的现状，提出运用经济动力，按照“污染者付费”的原则，形成排污交易市场，使污水处理走产业化发展之路。     

节理化岩体结构面分布密度的确定方法及其应用

目前众多的科研与工程人员都采用岩体结构面统计分析和计算机随机模拟的手段来研究节理化岩体的工程性质,然而许多人忽略了岩体结构面密度具各向异性特征以及野外实际测量条件与理论情况还存在一定的差异,在计算中采用的结构面密度值不尽合理,常常导致分析结论有失偏颇。针对这一情况,充分考虑了结构面“方向校正”和“迹长截尾校正”,并根据野外测线长度进行加权平均,提出了一套较为系统合理的结构面分布密度计算方法,并将其应用于工程实际,取得了较好的结果。     

“以电代煤”环境效益分析

目前 ,我国只有约 1 /3的煤用于发电 ,远低于发达国家的水平。要改善我国特别是城市大气环境状况 ,实行“以电代煤”是一条最有效的途径。本文以上海、北京、柳州等城市为例 ,分析了“以电代煤”的环境效益 ,并指出 ,使用电力作为最终消费方式 ,最清洁、方便 ,效率最高 ,也最易于控制。     

加油站静电灾害的形成与防护措施

静电灾害已成为现代工业安全生产活动的主要危害之一 . 通过对易燃易爆性液体及气体 静电产生机理的分析 , 结合防静电、防爆安全检测工作实际 , 指出了加油站静电产生的三个 主要环节 , 并提出了相应的防护技术和措施 .     

抽气预处理法测定氰化物

作为水质全分析中的一项毒性含量指标,水中氰化物的测定是衡量水体中生物生存、人类饮用用水、工业生产用水安全的重要参数.但其含量监测方法水样预处理步骤繁琐、费时.论文提出用抽气预处理法测定氰化物,并通过对比试验证明,抽气法预处理法操作简便、省时、能耗小;通过在抽气过程中将整个装置处于常温负压条件下,基本解决了HCN外选、瓶爆裂等问题.论文除了对抽气法预处理一些操作条件进行了摸索并确定了最佳操作条件外还着重探计了抽气法对复杂水体,如地表水、工厂处理后废水的适用性.