中国食物生产消费系统碳素动态变化及其环境负荷

基于物质流原理,分析了1995~2016年中国食物生产消费系统的变化情况,测算并评价了食物生产消费系统碳素流动变化及食物碳消费导致的碳素环境负荷变化.结果表明：食物农业生产系统中碳汇和碳排总量整体均呈上升趋势,且碳汇增速明显高于碳排增速;食物生产系统碳素环境负荷中畜禽养殖产生的碳素环境负荷呈下降趋势,农用物资、农业活动及食物加工运输相关产生的碳环境负荷呈快速上升趋势.食物消费系统中,居民食物碳消费发生变化,居民碳消费结构从“以粮食碳消费为主”的饮食结构转变为“以粮食、肉类、食用植物油碳消费为主”的多元饮食结构,农村居民人均食物碳消费量由95.24kg/（人×a）降低至71.62kg/（人×a）,城镇居民人均食物碳消费量由52.06kg/（人×a）升至65.16kg/（人×a）.分析食物消费系统碳素环境负荷,进入大气的碳素环境负荷占主体地位,其次是土壤和水体,近年来进入土壤和水体的碳素比例增加.分析表明减少食物生产消费系统碳素环境负荷的措施,包括引导居民优化饮食结构,减少生活污水与厨余垃圾产生量,提高厨余垃圾与粪便还田比例,将系统中产生的废弃物内部循环利用等.     

湘江子流域重点污染企业影响区土壤重金属镉污染源识别

土壤重金属Cd（镉）是威胁人类健康最严重的重金属污染元素之一.土壤Cd污染来源复杂,明确土壤重金属分布特征,探索重点污染企业影响区土壤重金属源解析方法,对土壤Cd污染防治具有重要意义.2018年5-9月,以湘江流域头山、大河滩两个子流域为研究对象,采用系统布点法,借助2 km×2 km的网格在研究区内均匀布点共计2 638个,分析重点污染企业对土壤Cd污染的影响及w（Cd）的空间分布特征,并借助双变量局部莫兰指数方法（bivariate local Moran's I）、广义加性模型（GAM）量化土壤中w（Cd）与企业分布的空间相关性及不同行业源的贡献率.结果表明:①研究区土壤中w（Cd）为0.032~14.01 mg/kg,平均值（0.63 mg/kg）较高,高值区主要分布在研究区西部,低值区位于研究区东部.②研究区重点污染企业总体聚集程度不高（Moran's I=0.45）,而分行业企业呈显著的高聚集分布（0.88 ≤ Moran's I ≤ 0.97）特征,尤其是冶炼与压延加工业的集聚性最为明显.③土壤中w（Cd）与不同行业的空间相关聚类分析发现,存在较大区域的H-H[土壤w（Cd）高值与企业高密度]聚类分布,说明土壤中w（Cd）受企业分布的影响较大,在企业集聚区存在较多的土壤w（Cd）高值区.④在企业影响区内,土壤w（Cd）分布受行业影响排序依次为采选业>化学品制造业>冶炼和压延加工业>其他行业,其方差解释率分别为51.2%、48.0%、46.2%、19.3%.研究显示,研究区土壤中w（Cd）分布受企业的影响明显,在污染源识别中采选业对土壤Cd污染影响最突出,研究结果可为湘江流域土壤重金属污染防治和企业污染源的管理提供依据.      

A hydroxyl radical detection system using gas expansion and fast gating laser-induced fluorescence techniques

An OH radical measurement instrument based on Fluorescence Assay by Gas Expansion(FAGE)has been developed in our laboratory.Ambient air is introduced into a low-pressure fluorescence cell through a pinhole aperture and irradiated by a dye laser at a high repetition rate of 8.5 k Hz.The OH radical is both excited and detected at 308 nm using A-X(0,0)band.To satisfy the high efficiency needs of fluorescence collection and detection,a 4-lens optical system and a self-designed gated photomultiplier(PMT)is used,and gating is actualized by switching the voltage applied on the PMT dynodes.A micro channel photomultiplier(MCP)is also prepared for fluorescence detection.Then the weak signal is accumulated by a photon counter in a specific timing.The OH radical excitation spectrum range in the wavelength of 307.82–308.2 nm is detected and the excited line for OH detection is determined to be Q_1(2)line.The calibration of the FAGE system is researched by using simultaneous photolysis of H_2O and O_2.The minimum detection limit of the instrument using gated PMT is determined to be 9.4×10~5molecules/cm~3,and the sensitivity is 9.5×10~(-7)cps/(OH·cm~(-3)),with a signal-to-noise ratio of 2 and an integration time of 60 sec,while OH detection limit and the detection sensitivity using MCP is calculated to be 1.6×10~5molecules/cm~3and 2.3×10~(-6)cps/(OH·cm~(-3)).The laboratory OH radical measurement is carried out and results show that the proposed system can be used for atmospheric OH radical measurement.     

云南大姚6.1级地震多层砖砌体和框架房屋震害研究

介绍了云南大姚6.1级地震多层砖砌体和钢筋砼框架结构房屋震害、不同烈度区的平均震害指数和震害预测计算,分析了震害原因, 并与实际震害作了对比,总结了这次地震防御和减轻震害的经验与教训,其结果对地震灾区的恢复重建将起到积极作用.     

Why do house-hunting ants recruit in both directions?

To perform tasks, organisms often use multiple procedures. Explaining the breadth of such behavioural repertoires is not always straightforward. During house hunting, colonies of Temnothorax albipennis ants use a range of behaviours to organise their emigrations. In particular, the ants use tandem running to recruit naïve ants to potential nest sites. Initially, they use forward tandem runs (FTRs) in which one leader takes a single follower along the route from the old nest to the new one. Later, they use reverse tandem runs (RTRs) in the opposite direction. Tandem runs are used to teach active ants the route between the nests, so that they can be involved quickly in nest evaluation and subsequent recruitment. When a quorum of decision-makers at the new nest is reached, they switch to carrying nestmates. This is three times faster than tandem running. As a rule, having more FTRs early should thus mean faster emigrations, thereby reducing the colony’s vulnerability. So why do ants use RTRs, which are both slow and late? It would seem quicker and simpler for the ants to use more FTRs (and higher quorums) to have enough knowledgeable ants to do all the carrying. In this study, we present the first testable theoretical explanation for the role of RTRs. We set out to find the theoretically fastest emigration strategy for a set of emigration conditions. We conclude that RTRs can have a positive effect on emigration speed if FTRs are limited. In these cases, low quorums together with lots of reverse tandem running give the fastest emigration.     

Making carbon sequestration a paying proposition

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) has increased from a preindustrial concentration of about 280 ppm to about 367 ppm at present. The increase has closely followed the increase in CO₂ emissions from the use of fossil fuels. Global warming caused by increasing amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is the major environmental challenge for the 21st century. Reducing worldwide emissions of CO₂ requires multiple mitigation pathways, including reductions in energy consumption, more efficient use of available energy, the application of renewable energy sources, and sequestration. Sequestration is a major tool for managing carbon emissions. In a majority of cases CO₂ is viewed as waste to be disposed; however, with advanced technology, carbon sequestration can become a value-added proposition. There are a number of potential opportunities that render sequestration economically viable. In this study, we review these most economically promising opportunities and pathways of carbon sequestration, including reforestation, best agricultural production, housing and furniture, enhanced oil recovery, coalbed methane (CBM), and CO₂ hydrates. Many of these terrestrial and geological sequestration opportunities are expected to provide a direct economic benefit over that obtained by merely reducing the atmospheric CO₂ loading. Sequestration opportunities in 11 states of the Southeast and South Central United States are discussed. Among the most promising methods for the region include reforestation and CBM. The annual forest carbon sink in this region is estimated to be 76 Tg C/year, which would amount to an expenditure of $11.1–13.9 billion/year. Best management practices could enhance carbon sequestration by 53.9 Tg C/year, accounting for 9.3% of current total annual regional greenhouse gas emission in the next 20 years. Annual carbon storage in housing, furniture, and other wood products in 1998 was estimated to be 13.9 Tg C in the region. Other sequestration options, including the direct injection of CO₂ in deep saline aquifers, mineralization, and biomineralization, are not expected to lead to direct economic gain. More detailed studies are needed for assessing the ultimate changes to the environment and the associated indirect cost savings for carbon sequestration.     

航空运输货物危险性的分类和快速鉴定

介绍了航空危险货物的分类,并根据航空运输自身特点,提出了空运已知与未知危险性货物的分类和快速鉴定方法.     

关于钢铁工业海水直接利用的技术探讨

在工业领域中钢铁工业是用水大户,临海建厂是未来中国钢铁产业布局的方向。向海洋要淡水,取之不尽、用之不竭。将海水直接利用于生产,可减少海水淡化成本、节约能源、降低钢铁企业生产成本。就钢铁企业的海水直接利用技术进行了初步的分析和探讨,可作为实际工程的参考。     

区域电离层GPS双频改正模型研究

通过电离层延迟改正模型推导及对电离层延迟改正的主要因素的阐述,提出曲面拟合、距离加权和多面函数法3种区域电离层改正拟合模型,得出一定区域内的每个测站用双频改正模型求出电离层改正值,然后用曲面拟合法对整个区域进行拟合,得出区域改正模型。     

Minimum ignition energy theoretical model for flammable gas based on flame propagation layer by layer

To achieve the rapid prediction of minimum ignition energy (MIE) for premixed gases with wide-span equivalence ratios, a theoretical model is developed based on the proposed idea of flame propagation layer by layer. The validity and high accuracy of this model in predicting MIE have been corroborated against experimental data (from literature) and traditional models. In comparison, this model is mainly applicable to uniform premixed flammable mixtures, and the ignition source needs to be regarded as a punctiform energy source. Nevertheless, this model can exhibit higher accuracy (up to 90%) than traditional models when applied to premixed gases with wide-span equivalence ratios, such as C₃H₈-air mixtures with 0.7–1.5 equivalence ratios, CH₄-air mixtures with 0.7–1.25 equivalence ratios, H₂-air mixtures with 0.6–3.15 equivalence ratios et al. Further, the model parameters have been pre-determined using a 20 L spherical closed explosion setup with a high-speed camera, and then the MIE of common flammable gases (CH₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₈, C₄H₁₀, C₂H₄, C₃H₆, C₂H₂, C₃H₄, C₂H₆O, CO and H₂) under stoichiometric or wide-span equivalence ratios has been calculated. Eventually, the influences of model parameters on MIE have been discussed. Results show that MIE is the sum of the energy required for flame propagation during ignition. The increase in exothermic and heat transfer efficiency for fuel molecules can reduce MIE, whereas prolonging the flame induction period can increase MIE.