中国耕地低碳利用绩效测算与时空分异

推进耕地利用低碳转型是应对气候暖化威胁的有效途径。在核算耕地利用碳排放、碳吸收基础上,应用GB-US-S-SBM模型测算2000—2019年中国30个省（市、自治区）的耕地低碳利用绩效,进而分析绩效时空特征及收敛性。研究发现：（1）中国耕地利用碳排放、碳吸收、净碳汇强度依次为1.980 t∙hm^-2、5.624 t∙hm^-2、3.644 t∙hm^-2,各省份耕地利用系统均呈碳盈余状态。 （2）全国耕地低碳利用绩效历经剧烈起伏、缓慢上升、波动不定、高速增长四个阶段。根据初始绩效和变化率,可将省域划分为低效高潜型（北京等15地）、低效平稳型（江苏等4地）、高效平稳型（重庆等3地）、高效低潜型（湖北等3地）、高效高潜型（吉林等5地）。期初,高、低效省份分别聚集于西南、西北;期末,高效省份主要位于西北、东北,低效省份集中分布于长江中游地区。（3）全国、中部、东部的绩效不存在σ收敛,东北和西部的绩效遵循σ收敛。全国及四大区域绩效均呈β收敛,省份间存在追赶趋势。本文可为制定区域差异化耕地利用低碳转型策略提供依据。     

机械脱污及其应用研究

给出了颗粒在离心力作用下的数学模型，并进行了计算机模拟在其在设计装置时的应用，还给出了实际脱污的测试结果。     

Storage and metabolism of radioactively labeled pyrrolizidine alkaloids by butterflies and larvae of Mechanitis polymnia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae,Ithomiinae)

Summary. Tracer feeding studies with radioactively labeled pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) were performed to attain experimental information about the specificity and mechanisms of uptake, metabolism and storage of PAs in the alkaloid sequestering ithomiine butterfly Mechanitis polymnia. Adult butterflies easily ingest the tracers offered dissolved in a saturated sugar solution. Feeding of [¹⁴C]rinderine (free base) confirmed that M. polymnia is well adapted to sequester and maintain PAs of the lycopsamine type. Approximately 80% of the ingested radioactivity can be recovered in methanol extracts of the butterflies over a period of at least 6 hours. Labeled rinderine is efficiently N-oxidized and transformed into a metabolite of still unknown structure. These two metabolites are formed in almost equal amounts and account for more than 90% of total radioactivity. After four hours the toxic free base is only detectable in traces. Radioactively labeled senecioylretronecine (free base), a PA that often accompanies PAs of the lycopsamine type in plants, is metabolized in a different manner. The toxic free base disappeared as fast as the tertiary rinderine, but the final products which accumulated in a stable ratio after 12 hours were mainly two polar metabolites of unknown structure; senecioylretronecine N-oxide accounts for less than 10% of total PAs. Labeled senecionine a macrocyclic PA, which never has been found in wild caught M. polymnia is only slowly N-oxidized. In females ca 50% of the ingested senecionine is still present as free base after 24 hours, whereas under the same conditions in males this percentage is only ca 20%. This difference in N-oxidation was the only significant sex-specific difference observed in various experiments. Larvae of M. polymnia which feed on Solanum tabacifolium, a plant that does not contain PAs, are able to sequester and partly N-oxidize labeled senecioylretronecine and senecionine. However, the storage is not very efficient; with the two tracers less than 5% of radioactivity remained in the bodies after 24 hours. Received 19 October 1999; accepted 24 November 1999     

活性炭吸附有机蒸气过程中的初始浓度测定

以PTA生产尾气为实验体系，讨论了在活性炭对有机气体动态吸附过程中，有机气体初始浓度的三种测定方法，即气相色谱法、吸附称量法和气体方程计算法。结果得出，吸附称量法误差最小，其次是气体方程计算法，误差最大的是气相色谱法。     

Conservation practices in U.S. agriculture and their impact on carbon sequestration

Increase in the use of conservation practices byagriculture in the United States will enhance soilorganic carbon and potentially increase carbonsequestration. This, in turn, will decrease the netemission of carbon dioxide. A number of studies existthat calibrate the contribution of various individual,site-specific conservation practices on changes insoil organic carbon. There is a general absence,however, of a comprehensive effort to measureobjectively the contribution of these practicesincluding conservation tillage, the ConservationReserve Program, and conservation buffer strips to anchange in soil organic carbon. This paper fills thatvoid. After recounting the evolution of the use ofthe various conservation practices, it is estimatedthat organic carbon in the soil in 1998 in the UnitedStates attributable to these practices was about 12.2million metric tons. By 2008, there will be anincrease of about 25%. Given that there is asignificant potential for conservation practices tolead to an increase in carbon sequestration, there area number of policy options that can be pursued.     

微波辅助溶样技术及其在环境监测中的应用

微波辅助制样技术是一种快速、低空白、二次污染少、节约能源并降低分析人员劳动强度的样品处理方法。对该技术的原理、特点和操作方法做了简要介绍，并对近年来该技术在生物、空气和废水、土壤和沉积物、固体废弃物等环境样品制备中的应用做了较详细的介绍和评述。     

单甲脒杀虫剂的污染生态效应与控制对策

扼要地介绍了我国９０年代农药污染现状及新型农药单甲脒杀虫剂在果园、棉田中的杀虫效果，评价了该杀虫剂对陆生和水生生态系统的影响，提出了农药污染的生态调控与对策。     

焦化废水脱酚的工艺研究

为脱除焦化废水中的酚，本文研究了新型化学破乳法液膜脱酚的工艺，确定了搅拌塔操作条件，并实际应用于焦化厂含酚废水的处理中，结果表明该工艺具有良好的脱酚效果。     

温州劈山围海造地对环境及岩土工程的影响

随着人口的快速增长与经济的迅猛发展，温州的土地资源已显匮乏。劈山围海造地是解决这个问题的有效办法，但劈山围海造地也带来了环境问题和岩土工程问题。对可能产生的这些问题进行了细致的分析研究，认为有些问题很严重，甚至是不可逆的、灾难性的，必须认真对待；并针对温州的实际情况提出了相应的对策，如对拟围垦工程及劈山造地工程必须进行合理科学的规划，以可持续发展为宗旨，进行详细的多方位的科学试验和科学论证。     

采用清洁燃料控制燃煤工业锅炉SO2污染--中国燃煤工业锅炉SO2污染综合防治对策(二)

研究了采用清洁燃料控制燃煤工业锅炉SO2的污染。研究表明，在有条件的地方及部门，首先要采用清洁燃料．这是控制燃煤工业锅炉SO2污染的最简便、最有效的措施。