西藏高原生态系统服务时空格局及其变化特征

西藏高原是我国国家生态安全格局中至关重要的区域,维护提升其生态屏障功能是该区生态保护的核心目标。论文分析了1990—2010年西藏高原生态系统类型及其服务能力的时空变化格局,开展近20 a生态屏障功能的综合评估。结果表明：1）近20 a,西藏高原生态系统宏观格局稳定少动,森林、水体与湿地面积略有增加,草地、荒漠面积减少;2）森林、草地、湿地生态系统水源涵养量为895.19×10⁸ m³,平均单位面积水源涵养量为744.48 m³/hm²,近20 a水源涵养服务在波动中有所提升;3）水蚀区土壤水蚀模数为3 876 t/km²,土壤水蚀量为10.31×10⁸ t,生态系统土壤保持服务保有率为66.3%,近20 a土壤侵蚀量下降,而土壤保持服务保有率呈持续上升趋势;4）土壤风蚀模数为1 581.2 t/km²,土壤风蚀量为18.99×10⁸ t,防风固沙服务保有率为66.5%,近20 a由于风场强度减弱与植被覆盖度增加,土壤风蚀量下降,而生态系统防风固沙服务保有率持续提升;5）森林、草地、湿地碳固定服务量为1.95 Pg C,从前10 a略有下降态势转变为后10 a轻微上升趋势。     

生活垃圾卫生填埋场填埋库区分期设计实例

提出山谷型生活垃圾卫生填埋场填埋库区采取分期设计的原则,以福建省连城县生活垃圾卫生填埋场为例,说明填埋库区采取分期设计后能有效地减少垃圾渗滤液的产生量,从而达到减少工程投资、加快工程进度、减少初期运行费用的目的。     

保护性耕作对土壤有机碳、氮储量的影响

以辽宁彰武县保护性耕作示范推广基地土壤为研究对象,通过实地调查和取样分析,对比研究了传统犁耕和6年免耕秸秆覆盖条件下的土壤有机碳、氮储量,为广泛评价保护性耕作的土壤碳、氮截获功能和合理选择农业耕作方式提供科学依据。研究结果表明,与犁耕相比,免耕覆盖不同程度地提高了0-5cm和5～15cm土层的有机碳、氮储量,对15cm以下土层没有影响,从而增加了0～100em土体总的有机碳、氮储量,证明了免耕覆盖的土壤碳、氮截获功能,年均截获率分别为1．37Mg·hm-2和0．84Mg·hm-2有机碳、氮在犁耕土壤0～30cm剖面的垂直分布较为均匀,免耕覆盖后则发生明显的分层,产生表聚现象。     

以人为本以法治台--谈地震台站管理

本文以现代管理学理论为基础,主要阐述了现代台站管理思想 --一方面强调"以人为本",另一方面又肯定以"法"治台;提出了二者的有机结合是现代台站管理思想这一主题;初步探讨了当代地震台站提高监测质量的途径.     

Grassland Management Activity Data: Current Sources and Future Needs

Estimates of potential and actual C sequestration require areal information about various types of management activities. Forest surveys, land use data, and agricultural statistics contribute information enabling calculation of the impacts of current and historical land management on C sequestration in biomass (in forests) or in soil (in agricultural systems). Unfortunately little information exists on the distribution of various management activities that can impact soil C content in grassland systems. Limited information of this type restricts our ability to carry out bottom-up estimates of the current C balance of grasslands or to assess the potential for grasslands to act as C sinks with changes in management. Here we review currently available information about grassland management, how that information could be related to information about the impacts of management on soil C stocks, information that may be available in the future, and needs that remain to be filled before in-depth assessments may be carried out. We also evaluate constraints induced by variability in information sources within and between countries.It is readily apparent that activity data for grassland management is collected less frequently and on a coarser scale than data for forest or agricultural inventories and that grassland activity data cannot be directly translated into IPCC-type factors as is done for IPCC inventories of agricultural soils. However, those management data that are available can serve to delineate broad-scale differences in management activities within regions in which soil C is likely to change in response to changes in management. This, coupled with the distinct possibility of more intensive surveys planned in the future, may enable more accurate assessments of grassland C dynamics with higher resolution both spatially and in the number management activities.     

关于实行企业安全生产年审制的思考

在经济体制改革后 ,政府转变职能 ,企业转换经营机制 ,企业与政府脱钩 ,政府放权予企业 ,由企业自主经营、自负盈亏 ,企业成为独立核算的法人。按照权、责统一和管生产必须管安全、谁主管谁负责的原则 ,企业的安全生产从企业与政府共同管理转移到自主管理 ,政府及其有关主管部门从管理向监督转变 ,政府与企业的关系由隶属关系变成监督与被监督的关系。随着社会主义市场经济的进一步发展和日益完善 ,安全生产面临前所未有的新情况。在新的形势下 ,如何建立安全生产的长效机制 ,是当前安全生产亟待解决的重要课题。笔者针对安全生产监督与管理上存在的问题 ,有针对性地提出了实行企业安全生产年审制的建议 ,认为建立企业安全生产年审制是切合当前实际的安全对策 ,并对如何实施这一对策进行了初步的探讨。     

The Effect of Nitrogen Enrichment on the Carbon Sink in Coniferous Forests: Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analyses of Three Ecosystem Models

Estimates of the global carbon sink induced by nitrogen enrichment range vary widely, from nearly zero to 2.3 Gt C year^-1. It is necessary to reduce this uncertainty if we are to make accurate predictions of the future magnitude of the terrestrial carbon sink. Here, we present a Monte Carlo approach to uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of three ecosystem models, Century,BGCand Hybrid. These models were applied to a coniferous forest ecosystem in Sweden. The best estimate of the change in total carbon content of the ecosystem with the cumulative change in nitrogen deposition over 100 years, C_total/N_deposition was 20.1 kg C (kg N)^-1 using the pooled mean, with a pooled standard deviation of 13.8 kg C (kg N)^-1. Variability in parameters accounted for 92% of the total uncertainty in C_total/N_deposition, and only 8% was attributable to differences between models. The most sensitive parameters were those which controlled the allocation of assimilate between leaves, roots and stem. In particular, an increase in allocation to fine roots led to a large reduction in C_total/N_deposition in all models, because the fine roots have a very high turnover rate, and extra carbon allocated there is soon lost through mortality and decomposition.     

正本清源,系统开发整治长江各支流网系的山丘土地

长江流域泥沙问题仍值得重视。长江不同于黄河．黄河年输沙量１６亿ｔ，主要为悬移质；长江多年测得输沙量５．４亿ｔ，这仅是长江的部分泥沙量－悬移质，还有数据不详的推移质随急流滚动位移。防治泥沙的良策是上游绿化造林，但还有很大面积的陡玻耕地，以及紫色土丘陵坡耕地与石灰岩区坡耕地等，仍应重点防护；至于广大的荒山、荒坡，更应多途径合理经营，从各大、小流域；溯江而上到源头径流发生处，采取工程与生物相结合的方法，节节设防，将泥沙来源减少到最低限度。最好利用大坝兴建的空隙期间，有计划有步骤地节节设防，以延长大坝寿命，当地居民亦可获利。     

Numerical analysis of gas explosion inside two rooms connected by ducts

Simulations of gas explosion of hydrogen/air mixture inside two rooms connected by ducts are carried out. Scalar transport chemical reaction model and LES turbulence model are utilized to reduce the calculation load and to conduct real-scale analysis. The effects of ignition source locations and volume of ignited room are analyzed, and the time history of pressure and rate of pressure rise in each room are focused in this study. When the volume of the ignited room is larger than the other room, the high pressure from the other room causes a force to act on the partition to the ignited room. This study indicates that the current technique can predict specific features of gas explosions inside two rooms connected by the ducts.     

Time-lapse carbon dioxide monitoring with pulsed neutron logging

Elevated levels of CO₂ in the atmosphere have been linked to the rise in land and sea temperature [Climate Change, 2001. In: Houghton, J.T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D.J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P.J., Xiaosu, D. (Eds.), The Scientific Basis Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, UK, p. 944]. To demonstrate geological carbon sequestration as a mitigation technique, a carbon dioxide injection experiment was conducted in East Texas. The target – Frio formation – is a highly porous, permeable and unconsolidated sandstone. The specific interval is the Frio C sand, which originally was saturated with saline formation water. At the injection location, the Frio C sand dips 18° to the south. To monitor the injected CO₂ spreading in the formation, an old well from 1956 drilled into the deeper Yegua formation was selected as the observation well. The injection well was drilled at a distance of 100 ft downdip from the monitoring well. Several borehole measurement methods were available to monitor the CO₂ injection, but the most suitable technology was thought to be the pulsed neutron logging. This logging is used widely in cased hole, and the measured macroscopic thermal absorption cross-section (Σ) is sensitive to CO₂ saturation in high porosity saline water environments. Several log examples are given demonstrating successful the monitoring of the CO₂ plume moving through the two boreholes and the resulting saturation changes.