重庆市农地重金属基线值的厘定及其积累特征分析

为了确定重庆市农地土壤重金属基线值,了解重金属积累情况,明确优先控制元素,本研究基于地球化学基线原理,根据分层抽样采集6个土壤类型的表层土样共214个;在严格质量控制下,测定各个样品As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的含量.采用数理统计法、迭代剔除法和累积频率曲线法确定8种重金属的基线值,并应用地球化学基线因子污染指数法和地质累积指数法评估了重庆市农地土壤重金属积累状况.结果表明,重庆市农地土壤As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的基线值分别为5. 83、0. 25、66. 78、25. 45、0. 069、29. 90、26. 18、78. 44 mg·kg~(-1).地球化学基线因子指数法评估表明土壤As、Hg、Zn积累最为突出,分别有14. 65%、11. 82%、3. 88%样点达重度积累;地质累积指数法评估表明Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb超过93%的样点处于无积累,Hg、Zn、As轻度积累比例分别为26. 60%、21. 84%、21. 21%,仅As和Zn有5. 56%和0. 49%的样点为中度积累.水稻土、紫色土与潮土、黄壤、石灰岩土相比重金属积累程度轻.渝东北大巴山石灰岩中低山区、渝东南武陵山石灰岩低山区As、Zn点位积累率较高,渝西窟窿丘陵台地区、渝中中高丘平行岭谷区Hg、As点位积累率较高.两种评估方法均表明重庆市农地土壤主要积累重金属为As,其次为Hg、Zn,应加强管理防范.     

宿州市表层土壤重金属元素环境地球化学基线研究

环境地球化学基线作为能够判别自然和人为环境影响的地球化学指标,不同地区基线值的确定具有重要的现实意义和参考价值。本研究以宿州市为例,通过野外采样和室内测试,对表层土壤中的Cu、Zn、Pb、As、Cr、V六种重金属元素进行总量分析,采用标准化方法和相对累积频率分析方法计算确定宿州市土壤环境地球化学基线,基于确定的地球化学基线值,运用地质累积指数法对宿州市表层土壤重金属污染进行环境地球化学评价。结果表明,研究区表层土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、As、Cr、V的平均含量分别为18.29、52.61、20.84、10.29、69.83和82.27 mg/kg;确定的环境地球化学基线值分别为16.97、48.66、19.43、9.07、65.22和79.08 mg/kg,获得的基线值符合其定义和实际意义;地质累积指数计算分析结果显示,六种重金属元素大部分处于无污染级别,少量达到无污染到中度污染级别,六种重金属元素在表层土壤中的富集贫化不明显。     

Baseline Concentrations of Trace Elements in Surface Soils of the Torrelles and Sant Climent Municipal Districts (Catalonia,Spain)

An investigation was conducted to study the baseline levels of Ba, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sr, V and Zn (aqua regia-extractable) based on 51 representative soils of the Torrelles and Sant Climent Municipal Districts (Catalonia, Spain). The baseline concentrations of those elements were (mg kg⁻¹): Ba 73.9–617.9, Cr 9.2–120.2, Cu 4.0–111.6, Ni 6.1–118.6, Pb 5.6–217.5, Sr 19.6–128.8, V 12.1–101.2, and Zn 16.8–326.8, respectively.Forty-nine samples were reported as having less than the 0.67 mg kg⁻¹ detection limit for cadmiun and were therefore not useful for baseline determination; however, these results suggest that the baseline average is probably below 0.67 mg kg⁻¹.Upper baseline values for most of the elements corresponded with those reported in the literature, except for Pb and Zn, which were two to four times greater.Soil properties, including clay fraction, OC, CEC and pH_w were related to metal concentration using correlation and factorial analysis. R-mode factor analysis separates the soil analysis data into three factors. These factors explain 67.3% of the total variance, suggesting that metal concentration was controlled by soil composition.     

A spatially explicit estimate of the prewhaling abundance of the endangered North Atlantic right whale

The North Atlantic right whale (NARW) (Eubalaena glacialis) is one of the world's most threatened whales. It came close to extinction after nearly a millennium of exploitation and currently persists as a population of only approximately 500 individuals. Setting appropriate conservation targets for this species requires an understanding of its historical population size, as a baseline for measuring levels of depletion and progress toward recovery. This is made difficult by the scarcity of records over this species’ long whaling history. We sought to estimate the preexploitation population size of the North Atlantic right whale and understand how this species was distributed across its range. We used a spatially explicit data set on historical catches of North Pacific right whales (NPRWs) (Eubalaena japonica) to model the relationship between right whale relative density and the environment during the summer feeding season. Assuming the 2 right whale species select similar environments, we projected this model to the North Atlantic to predict how the relative abundance of NARWs varied across their range. We calibrated these relative abundances with estimates of the NPRW total prewhaling population size to obtain high and low estimates for the overall NARW population size prior to exploitation. The model predicted 9,075–21,328 right whales in the North Atlantic. The current NARW population is thus <6% of the historical North Atlantic carrying capacity and has enormous potential for recovery. According to the model, in June–September NARWs concentrated in 2 main feeding areas: east of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland and in the Norwegian Sea. These 2 areas may become important in the future as feeding grounds and may already be used more regularly by this endangered species than is thought.     

大气环境红线划定技术研究

大气环境质量安全底线是环境质量安全底线的重要内容,其划定工作能够更好地为环境管理提供服务.本研究旨在建立大气环境质量安全底线划定技术方法,为国家和地方大气环境质量安全底线划分和管控措施设计提供导引,为建立国家环境质量安全底线提供技术支撑.     

Fishers’ knowledge detects ecological decay in the Mediterranean Sea

The Northern Adriatic Sea (NAS) is one of the most overexploited marine ecosystems in Europe. Given the gaps in scientific knowledge regarding the NAS, this study sought Fishers’ Ecological Knowledge (FEK) to determine NAS’ historical baselines for conservation. By interviewing 53 fishers in three ports of northern Italy, estimates of the catch rates of four commercial demersal species were generated over a 60-year period, and perceptions of target and non-target species’ diversity and benthic diversity were analysed in three groups of fishers (i.e. novices, experienced and veterans). Results showed a significant decline in perceived abundance of sole (Solea solea), common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) and mantis shrimp (Squilla mantis), and evidence was found of a Shifting Baseline Syndrome (SBS) among novices. Given FEK’s ability to complement scientific knowledge, fishers’ participation in marine management policies and intergenerational communication should be enhanced, to improve the status of marine ecosystems and hinder SBS.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01452-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

天然气发电工程CDM项目开发的探讨

通过对浙江省能源集团公司镇海发电厂在天然气发电工程CDM项目开发方面的具体实践,论述了对于天然气发电的基础线和监测方法学的研究与应用,以及在开发应用过程中的主要注意事项.     

Meta-analysis of the effects of upstream land cover on stream recovery

Unpredictable or variable ecosystem recovery from disturbance presents a challenge to conservation, particularly as the scale of human disturbance continues to increase. Theory suggests land-cover and disturbance characteristics affect recovery, but individual studies of disturbance and recovery frequently struggle to uncover generalizable patterns because of high levels of site-specific variation. To understand how land-cover, disturbance type, and disturbance duration influence ecosystem recovery, we used studies documenting recovery of 50 streams to perform a global meta-analysis of stream recovery from disturbances that affect water quality (e.g., oil spill, fire, wastewater). We extracted upstream natural and urban land-cover percentages for each site and performed model selection and averaging to identify influences on recovery completeness. Most streams improved following the end of a disturbance (median 240% of disturbed condition) but did not recover fully to baseline predisturbance condition within the studied period (median study period 2 years; median recovery 60% of baseline). Scale of disturbance in time and space did not predict recovery, but sites with higher percentages of upstream natural land cover had less complete recovery relative to sites with more urban or agricultural cover, possibly due to higher baseline conditions in these streams. Our findings suggest impacts to systems with low anthropogenic stress may be more irreversible than impacts to already modified systems. We call for more long-term evaluations of ecosystem response to disturbance and the inclusion of regional references and predisturbance reference conditions for comparison. A more thorough understanding of the role of the surrounding landscape in shaping stream response to disturbance can help managers calibrate expectations for recovery and prioritize protection.     

Assessment of enrichment,geo-accumulation and ecological risk of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Msimbazi mangrove ecosystem,coast of Dar es Salaam,Tanzania

Results of the assessment of enrichment, accumulation and the ecological risk associated with three heavy metals (Cd, Cu and Pb) and one metalloid (As) in surface sediments of Msimbazi estuary are presented. Surface sediment samples (0–5 cm) were collected from Msimbazi River estuary in September 2016 using handheld PVC short corers. Long-sediment cores from the site were also collected using PVC pipes and their vertical profiles of metals concentrations assessed with the aim of establishing site-specific baseline metals concentrations. The established site-specific baseline values were used for the determination of normalised enrichment factors (EF) and geoaccumulation (Igeo) of metals instead of using average crustal values. Iron-based enrichment factors show that the sediments of Msimbazi have experienced enrichment of metals that originate from anthropogenic sources of pollution (EF > 1). Geo-accumulation results indicate that Msimbazi sediments can be designated as uncontaminated to moderately-contaminated with As, Cd and Pb (class 1–2). Geoaccumulation indices for Cu indicate that sediment can be designated as uncontaminated to moderately contaminated (class 1) and moderately to strongly contaminated (class 3). Results show further that the Ecological Risk associated with the accumulation of these metals in Msimbazi sediments was low based on Hakanson approach.     

农药类化合物对大型溞的毒性作用模式:与基线毒性化合物比较研究

农药在控制有害生物的同时,对水生生态系统产生较大的毒性效应。本文通过实验获得了25种基线化合物对大型溞的急性毒性数据,并与57种农药类化合物对大型溞的急性毒性数据进行比较研究,同时根据体外浓度LC_(50)、生物富集因子BCF和体内临界浓度CBR的关系,计算了这些化合物在大型溞体内的临界浓度,研究了农药类化合物对大型溞的毒性作用机理。结果表明,基线化合物在大型溞体内的临界浓度log1/CBR值在一个很窄的范围波动,而农药类化合物在大型溞体内的临界浓度log1/CBR值范围广且较高。这说明多数农药类化合物对大型溞为反应性毒性作用模式。其中,除草剂对大型溞的毒性显著低于杀菌剂和杀虫剂对大型溞的毒性。这可能是因为除草剂主要通过干扰植物光合作用、植物激素或植物分子合成发挥毒性效应,从而导致其对大型溞的生理系统难以发生反应性毒性效应。而杀虫剂和杀菌剂主要通过干扰生物神经系统、生殖系统、呼吸作用或大分子合成发挥毒性效应,因此易与大型溞生理系统发生生物化学反应,从而具有较高的毒性效应。本文分别建立了除草剂、杀菌剂和杀虫剂对大型溞的急性毒性QSAR模型。除草剂对大型溞的急性毒性机理较简单,其毒性与化合物疏水性程度和离子化程度有关;而杀菌剂对大型溞的急性毒性主要与化合物的标准生成热和极性表面积有关;杀虫剂对大型溞的急性毒性作用机理较复杂,它们对大型溞的毒性效应与其和生物分子之间的氢键和范德华力有关。