含银废料中银的化学法回收的研究

介绍了一种简便实用的含银废料中银回收的化学方法，本法具有工艺简便操作安全、技术条件易控制、污染小、适用性广和经济效益显著等优点。     

水生动植物联合作用净化不同富营养化景观水体研究

选择睡莲(Nymphaeatetragona)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrillaverticillata)、鲢鱼(Aristichthysnobilis)和中华圆田螺(Cipangopludinachinensis)为实验对象,设置富营养和极富营养两种浓度梯度,通过室外试验探讨不同动植物及其组合对两种浓度水平中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及叶绿素a(Chl-a)的净化效果。结果表明,在富营养和极富营养水平中,均以睡莲和黑藻组合对TN和TP的去除效果最好,TN去除率分别为66.4%和42.3%,TP去除率分别为97.1%和89.6%,TP去除率分别高出相应对照组53.2和35.3个百分点;鲢鱼和中华圆田螺的加入会引起TN和TP的升高,但是由鲢鱼、中华圆田螺、睡莲和黑藻组成的组合对藻类的抑制效果最好,其Chl-a含量始终保持最低含量,日均值不超过1.16 mg/m3。因此,鲢鱼、中华圆田螺、睡莲和黑藻联合作用对富营养化水体具有明显的净化效果,其协同作用可为景观湖泊富营养化控制提供理论基础和科学依据。     

硫杂冠醚的合成及其对废水中Ag(I)的选择性萃取研究

针对当前含银废液综合回收利用率低,以及不当排放造成严重环境污染等问题.本研究以邻苯二酚为原料,经亲核取代、酰氯酰化、缩合反应制得一种全新结构硫杂冠醚7,10-二硫杂苯并-18-冠-6(硫杂冠醚3,Thia18C6),产物经核磁共振氢谱(~1H NMR)、X-射线衍射单晶进行了结构表征,进而采用溶剂萃取的方法考察了其对不同金属离子的选择性萃取能力.结果表明,在单一体系下,Thia18C6对银离子表现出较为优异的萃取能力,萃取率可达97.68%,而在多种杂质离子(Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)和Ni~(2+))共存的复杂体系中,Thia18C6对银离子表现出了较强的选择性.     

纳米银与微塑料在模拟垃圾填埋柱中的共迁移特征

以模拟垃圾填埋柱和人工配制渗滤液,探讨了纳米银（AgNPs）和微塑料（MPs）在垃圾填埋场中的迁移行为.结果发现,无论是单体系还是二元体系,随着填埋时间增长,AgNPs和MPs颗粒在渗滤液中稳定性增强,在填埋场中迁移能力增大,可能导致填埋中晚期有更多的污染颗粒随渗滤液流出填埋场.当AgNPs和MPs共存时,相对于单体系促进了AgNPs的迁移而轻微地抑制了MPs的迁移.结合DLVO理论和胶体过滤理论分析,一方面是由于流动性更高的MPs可作为AgNPs的载体,同时与AgNPs竞争固相介质上的吸附位点,从而促进AgNPs的迁移.另一方面,共存的AgNPs降低了MPs颗粒的表面负电荷使其稳定性减弱,并通过预沉积在固相介质上提供额外的MPs沉积位点,从而抑制MPs的迁移.     

纳米银对小球藻光合作用和呼吸作用的影响

使用硼氢化钠还原硝酸银,聚乙烯醇(PVA)作为分散剂,制备出粒径为(7 ± 3)nm的纳米银,分别使用计数法和溶解氧法,研究了纳米银对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)生长、光合作用和呼吸作用的影响,并调查了对叶绿素a的抑制状况.结果显示,黑暗条件下加入3mg/L的纳米银,基本抑制了小球藻的呼吸作用,当暴露于4mg/L的纳米银时,小球藻生长的抑制率为93%;而光照条件下加入10mg/L纳米银时,才能抑制其光合作用,此时对小球藻生长的抑制率达到90%.光照时,叶绿素a在10mg/L纳米银的作用下,抑制率达到77%.研究表明了纳米银对小球藻呼吸作用有很强的抑制作用,对光合作用的影响可能通过抑制叶绿素a的合成或破坏叶绿体的结构来完成;光照能够明显减弱纳米银的毒性.     

Biochemical constituents and bioaccumulation as biomarkers in the green mussel Perna viridis with reference to silver and chromium toxicity

The sublethal effect of silver and chromium on some biochemical constituents was studied in the green mussel Perna viridis. The results revealed an overall reduction in total protein, total DNA, total RNA, glycogen, protein bound sugars and total lipid in the gill, hepatopancreas, and ovary of the mussels exposed to metals individually and in combination when compared with control. It was apparent that mussels exposed to mixtures of metals exhibited highly significant (P?P?P?silver and chromium was also deducted in the whole body tissues of experimental mussels.     

Ecotoxicity of silver nanoparticles on earthworm Eisenia fetida: responses of the antioxidant system,acid phosphatase and ATPase

Ecotoxicity of nanoparticles has received growing attention in recent years. This study investigated the influence of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NP) on earthworm Eisenia fetida. The experiment was performed with five test groups: control (without Ag-NP), 10?nm Ag-NP groups (20, 100 or 500?mg?kg^?1) and positive control (787?mg?kg^?1 AgNO₃). After 14-day acute exposure, activities of various enzymes, including glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), acid phosphatase (AP), and Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase were determined. Effects of Ag-NP with different sizes (10 and 80?nm) were also tested. Data showed that the activity of GR was significantly lower at 500?mg?kg^?1. The activities of AP and Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase were inhibited following the increase of Ag-NP concentration. When treated with Ag-NP with different sizes, activities of AP and Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase of the 10?nm group were significantly lower than the control group, but those of the 80?nm group were similar to the control group. Data indicate that Ag-NP may be harmful to the earthworm E. fetida at 500?mg?kg^?1, and the toxicity of Ag-NP with 10?nm size is greater than 80?nm. In addition, AP and Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase are sensitive biomakers to the effects of Ag-NP.     

Aggregation and dissolution of silver nanoparticles in a laboratory-based freshwater microcosm under simulated environmental conditions

Silver nanoparticles (NP) are used in several applications, including their use as antimicrobial agents in textiles, personal care, and other domestic products. As such, there is a high potential for the release of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) in the aquatic environment. In aquatic ecosystems, nanomaterials are affected by abiotic factors, such as temperature, that alter their chemistry and influence their fate in the environment. Preliminary studies indicate that NP tend to form aggregates which are potentially more recalcitrant than unaggregated NP. These and other fate processes are largely dependent on both the characteristics of the NP and that of the environment. In this study, lab experiments were conducted to investigate the physicochemical properties and temperature solubility of AgNP (<100 nm) that may potentially influence the fate and behavior of AgNP in the aqueous environment. Results indicated that, under these tested conditions, AgNP may be transformed in size and thereby affect fate, bioavailability, and toxicity. In this study, a novel method was used to determine whether AgNP would form agglomerates, or behave as isolated particles, or dissolve when in aqueous media and under different environmental conditions. The new aspects evaluated in this study demonstrated that AgNP are transformed in both size and state under variable environmental conditions.     

纳米银对鱼类的毒性效应研究进展

纳米银作为一种新兴的纳米材料,由于其独特的抗菌性能而被广泛应用于各种商业化产品中。广泛的应用增加了它进入环境尤其是水环境的机率,从而对鱼类等水生生物产生潜在毒性效应。因此,近年来陆续开展了关于纳米银对鱼类的毒理学研究。本文根据国内外文献查阅及分析,综述了纳米银的制备、特性、应用、释放情况以及近几年来纳米银对鱼类的毒理学研究进展,对今后进一步开展相关研究工作提供参考。     

纳米银的体内毒性及毒作用机制研究进展

很多研究表明纳米银对机体的消化系统、呼吸系统、生殖系统等多个系统均会产生毒作用,且其毒作用受到多种因素的影响。目前关于纳米银的毒作用机制尚未明确,研究发现纳米银的毒作用机制可能与银离子释放、活性氧自由基产生、氧化应激的发生、炎症反应等有关,最新研究指出纳米银的毒性作用还可能与内质网应激和自噬有关,本文将就纳米银的体内毒性及毒作用机制进行了综述。