湘东北典型河源区土壤重金属分布特征、来源解析及潜在生态风险评价

水源地土壤环境质量状况关乎其流域内居民生命健康安全,是生态环境保护研究中的热点科学问题.选择湘东北典型河源区,采集表层土壤样品共87件,通过GIS技术和潜在生态风险指数法研究了土壤重金属（Cd、Pb、Cr、Hg和As）的空间分布特征和潜在生态风险,并采用多元统计分析和正定矩阵因子分解（PMF）模型解释了其可能来源和贡献率.结果表明：①湘东北典型河源区土壤呈酸性,土壤重金属ω（Cd）、ω（Pb）、ω（Cr）、ω（Hg）和ω（As）平均值分别为0.20、41.07、130.51、0.29和11.63mg ·kg^-1,对标背景值,除As外均有富集;②土壤重金属综合潜在生态风险为中等风险等级,其中Cr、Pb和As为轻微风险等级,Cd和Hg均为强风险等级;③土壤Cd和Pb具有同源性,主要来源于农业活动,Cr和As受生活垃圾排放和自然母质的双重影响,Hg主要来源于化石燃烧及交通运输;④生活垃圾排放源、自然母质源、化石燃烧及交通运输源和农业活动源对湘东北典型河源区土壤重金属的贡献率分别为21.36%、35.92%、19.30%和23.42%,人为源贡献率大于自然源.研究结果对湘东北典型河源区的污染防治、生态修复和美丽乡村建设具有参考价值.     

兰州市黄河风情线地表积尘及周边绿地土壤重金属污染特征及风险评价

为研究城市滨河公园景区地表积尘和周边绿地土壤重金属污染状况及潜在生态风险和健康风险,选择兰州市黄河风情线沿线的游园、广场和主题公园为研究区,分别采集了27个地表积尘和26个周边绿地表土样品.采用地累积指数(I_geo)、单因子污染指数(P_i)、内梅罗综合污染指数(P_N)和改进的潜在生态风险指数(RI)评估Cr、 Ni、 Cu、 Zn、 As、 Cd、 Hg和Pb这8种重金属污染特征和潜在生态风险程度,并利用暴露风险模型进行健康风险评价.结果表明,研究区地表积尘和周边绿地土壤As含量的平均值略低于甘肃省土壤元素背景值,但地表积尘的其余元素均高于甘肃省和兰州市元素背景值,而周边绿地除Cr和Ni元素略低于甘肃省和兰州市的背景值之外,其余Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Hg和Pb含量的平均值却高于两者的背景值.地累积指数和单因子污染指数显示,研究区地表积尘受到Cr、 Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Hg和Pb的污染,沿途绿地土壤存在不同程度的Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Hg和Pb的污染.内梅罗综合污染指数表明,研究区地表积尘和周边绿地土壤的综合污染程...     

云南5城市道路扬尘PM2.5中重金属含量表征及健康风险

为研究云南城市道路扬尘PM_2.5中重金属含量、来源和其健康风险,分别在昆明、保山、文山、昭通和玉溪这5个典型城市区域采集道路扬尘样品,使用颗粒物再悬浮技术将尘样悬浮并采集PM_2.5,利用ICP-MS检测PM_2.5中铬(Cr)、锰(Mn)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)等8种重金属.结果表明,5城市道路扬尘Cr、 Ni、 Cu、 Zn和Pb含量均严重超过云南土壤背景值;富集因子表明,云南5城市道路扬尘PM_2.5中重金属多数表现为中度富集和强烈富集,受人为活动影响较大.相关性分析和主成分分析结果表明,云南省不同类型城市道路扬尘PM_2.5中重金属均受土壤源和交通源影响;其余来源差异性较大：昆明受钢铁冶炼源影响、保山和玉溪受有色金属冶炼源影响、昭通受燃煤源影响.健康风险分析表明：昆明、玉溪和昭通的道路扬尘PM_2.5中Cr、 Pb和As存在儿童非致癌风险,昆明市的Cr还存在终身致癌风险.     

南京近郊农田大气颗粒物及金属干沉降输入特征

大气颗粒物中重金属干沉降输入是农业区域重金属的重要来源之一,但当前对农业区大气重金属沉降的观测研究较少.通过对南京近郊典型稻麦轮作区定点连续1 a采样,分析了不同粒径大气颗粒物和其中10种金属元素的浓度,并利用大叶模型估算其干沉降通量.结果表明,颗粒物浓度和干沉降通量均呈现冬春高、夏秋低的变化趋势;冬春季颗粒物污染为粗粒子(2.1～9.0μm)和细粒子(<2.1μm)的双重作用,而夏秋季则主要为细粒子的作用;金属元素浓度在巨粒子(>9.0μm)中占比最低,在粗粒子和细粒子中相当,而Pb、 Mn、 As和Cd在细粒子中占比较高;10种金属元素的年均干沉降通量[mg·(m²·a)^-1]大小为：Ca(2 096.4)>Al(1 710.4)>Zn(855.0)>Fe(256.1)>Pb(40.35)>Cu(31.93)>V(26.21)>Mn(9.10)>As(2.48)>Cd(0.28).研究结果为更加全面地认识人类活动对农产品质量安全和土壤生态环境的影响提供参考依据.     

Ordination of Plant Communities in Forest Biogeocenoses under Conditions of Air Pollution in the Northern Kola Peninsula

The species diversity and structure of the tree, herb–dwarf shrub, and moss–lichen layers in the biogeocenoses (BGCs) of pine forests of the Kola Peninsula were analyzed in the zone affected by the Pechenganikel Combined Works. Relationships of the diversity of phytocenoses with the amount of atmospheric fallout and the concentrations of accessible compounds of polluting elements (nickel and copper) and nutrients (potassium, magnesium, and nitrogen) in forest litters were revealed.     

Impact of mining activities on soils in a semi-arid environment: Sierra Almagrera district, SE Spain

Field and laboratory-column studies were undertaken in order to investigate soil contamination derived from past mining activity in the Sierra Almagrera (SA) district in southeast Spain. The tailings, soil and sediment samples that were collected showed high concentrations of Ag, As, Ba, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn when analyzed. The mean concentrations of these elements in the tailings were 29.8, 285.4, 54000, 57.7, 2687.5, 179.0 and 2269.0 ppm, respectively. In the soil samples these decreased to 14.3, 96.9, 24700, 37.5, 1859.1, 168.5 and 815.7 ppm, respectively. Geochemical analyses demonstrated high levels of As, Pb and Zn which were above the intervention values set forth in the Andalusian Regulations for Contaminated Soils for As (>50 ppm), Pb (>500 ppm) and Zn (>2000 ppm). Column experiments and mineralogical studies suggest that the dissolution of sulfates and other secondary phases, accumulated in soils and waste-sites during the dry season, acts to control the mobility of metals. The elution curves obtained from column experiments showed a mobilization of Ba, Cu, Pb and Zn, while a low mobility was seen for Ag, As and Sb.     

外源稀土La在沉积物中的形态及其生物可利用性

将沉积物中的外源稀土La分为可溶解态、酸可提取态、有机质及硫化物结合态,研究了小球藻(Chlorella Vulgaris Beijerinck)对这三种形态La的生物可利用性.研究结果表明:这三种形态的La在沉积物中的含量与其在藻中的含量有很好的相关关系.其中可溶解态La的生物可利用性最大,这说明,沉积物中La的释放对其生物可利用性至关重要.     

Differences in responses of herpetobionts and geobionts to impact from the Kosogorsky Metallurgical Plant (Tula region,Russia)

The influence of the Kosogorsky Metallurgical Plant (KMP; Tula region, Russia) on the abundance and biodiversity of carabid beetles and soil macrofauna and on the trophic activity of soil biota was studied. Metal concentrations in the impact plot were many times higher than those in the control plot located on the same transect. As the transect approached KMP, both the abundance of soil invertebrates (geobionts) and trophic activity of the soil biota remained unchanged, whereas the abundance and diversity of carabids (herpetobionts) decreased drastically. It is suggested that the impact of the KMP on herpetobionts is accounted for by modification of the structure of ecosystems and that herpetobiontic and geobiontic groups of the macrofauna respond differently to this impact because of differences in the ecological mechanisms of population response.     

Approaches to Quantitative Assessment of Biological Damage to Forest Communities under Technogenic Load

General trends in simplification of the structure and composition of forest communities in the zone of impact from the metallurgical industry are revealed. The load of toxicants is estimated from the concentrations of heavy metals in the snow and soil. The method is proposed for assessing biological damage on the basis of the main characteristics of phytocenosis, such as its species diversity and the cenotic significance of its structural components. The resultant integrated index of phytocenosis preservation (IIP _p) characterizes the degree of biological damage, and its value depends on the load of toxicants and resistance of plant communities characteristic of different natural zones.     

杉木种子园母树针叶中营养元素变化规律的研究

本文对湖南省东安县杉木无性系种子园通过分析杉木针叶营养元素年变化规律,确定营养分析的样品采集期,初步对球花产量与针叶中N、P、K含量之间关系进行探讨,制定出营养元素含量的临界值和最适范围。