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Kenneth E. Hyer Douglas L. Mayer 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2004,40(6):1511-1526
ABSTRACT: Surface water impairment by fecal coliform bacteria is a water quality issue of national scope and importance. In Virginia, more than 400 stream and river segments are on the Commonwealth's 2002 303(d) list because of fecal coliform impairment. Total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) will be developed for most of these listed streams and rivers. Information regarding the major fecal coliform sources that impair surface water quality would enhance the development of effective watershed models and improve TMDLs. Bacterial source tracking (BST) is a recently developed technology for identifying the sources of fecal coliform bacteria and it may be helpful in generating improved TMDLs. Bacterial source tracking was performed, watershed models were developed, and TMDLs were prepared for three streams (Accotink Creek, Christians Creek, and Blacks Run) on Virginia's 303(d) list of impaired waters. Quality assurance of the BST work suggests that these data adequately describe the bacteria sources that are impairing these streams. Initial comparison of simulated bacterial sources with the observed BST data indicated that the fecal coliform sources were represented inaccurately in the initial model simulation. Revised model simulations (based on BST data) appeared to provide a better representation of the sources of fecal coliform bacteria in these three streams. The coupled approach of incorporating BST data into the fecal coliform transport model appears to reduce model uncertainty and should result in an improved TMDL. 相似文献
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我国安全学科学历教育的困境与对策 总被引:1,自引:3,他引:1
我国安全形势严峻的重要原因是安全科技人才缺乏。安全学科学历教育作为我国安全科技高级人才培养的主要渠道之一,为国家造就和输送了大批安全科技人才。但是,由于安全学科学历教育体制没有很好适应市场经济的发展,遇到了不少难以解决的问题。依据对高校和煤炭企业调查所获得的资料,统计发现:目前我国安全学科学历教育所面临的主要问题是专业设置的局限性、培养目标的雷同性和课程设置的低通用性;社会对安全人才需求与目前高校安全专业招生和毕业生就业之间存在的突出矛盾。在详细调研和分析的基础上,提出了相应的安全人才后备队伍建设应采取的对策,即加大政府调控力度、实施“人才兴安”战略,深化教育教学改革、培养高素质安全人才。 相似文献
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以地理信息系统为平台进行地震灾害研究,建立具有强大空间分析功能的信息系统,将发挥快速、准确的辅助决策作用.本文剖析了小城镇地震应急反应模式存在的弊端,明确了灾害空间的概念,并提出小城镇空间数据库的建库及三维可视化的技术方案.在基础信息数字化和可视化的基础上,开发了小城镇地震数字仿真与应急调度系统,实现了基于地震数字仿真结果,在相关数据库支持下进行地震应急调度决策.实践证明:该系统的运行,有利于小城镇抗震减灾的迅速决策;小城镇空间数据库的建库技术,贴合我国小城镇信息化的现状,技术可行、经济合理. 相似文献
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Doug P. Armstrong Elizabeth H. Parlato Barbara Egli Wendy J. Dimond Renske Kwikkel Åsa Berggren Mhairi McCready Kevin A. Parker John G. Ewen 《Conservation biology》2021,35(3):859-869
Inbreeding depression is an important long-term threat to reintroduced populations. However, the strength of inbreeding depression is difficult to estimate in wild populations because pedigree data are inevitably incomplete and because good data are needed on survival and reproduction. Predicting future population consequences is especially difficult because this also requires projecting future inbreeding levels and their impacts on long-term population dynamics, which are subject to many uncertainties. We illustrate how such projections can be derived through Bayesian state-space modeling methods based on a 26-year data set for North Island Robins (Petroica longipes) reintroduced to Tiritiri Matangi Island in 1992. We used pedigree data to model increases in the average inbreeding level (F ) over time based on kinship of possible breeding pairs and to estimate empirically Ne/N (effective/census population size). We used multiple imputation to model the unknown components of inbreeding coefficients, which allowed us to estimate effects of inbreeding on survival for all 1458 birds in the data set while modeling density dependence and environmental stochasticity. This modeling indicated that inbreeding reduced juvenile survival (1.83 lethal equivalents [SE 0.81]) and may have reduced subsequent adult survival (0.44 lethal equivalents [0.81]) but had no apparent effect on numbers of fledglings produced. Average inbreeding level increased to 0.10 (SE 0.001) as the population grew from 33 (0.3) to 160 (6) individuals over the 25 years, giving a ratio of 0.56 (0.01). Based on a model that also incorporated habitat regeneration, the population was projected to reach a maximum of 331–1144 birds (median 726) in 2130, then to begin a slow decline. Without inbreeding, the population would be expected stabilize at 887–1465 birds (median 1131). Such analysis, therefore, makes it possible to empirically derive the information needed for rational decisions about inbreeding management while accounting for multiple sources of uncertainty. 相似文献
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根据成都市小流域治理的实际情况及污染控制现状,在资料分析和充分的现场调研基础上,对成都市2007年以来各地在小流域水污染防治方面的模式、经验和措施进行总结,并从中选择具有代表性的典型的小流域,对小流域治理工作进行详细分析探讨,对其采取措施、实施效果、推广价值等进行研究。 相似文献