流域环境规划的可视化技术

介绍了应用于流域环境规划中的图形图片方式、多媒体影像方式、地理信息可视化以及虚拟现实4种类型的可视化技术,并对流域环境规划的不同阶段、不同内容的可视化应用进行了阐述。     

三峡小城镇污水处理厂污水处理工艺探讨

在调查研究三峡库区重庆段小城镇污水处理现状的基础上,根据库区水质特征、水环境保护的特殊要求和库区地理环境与经济条件特点,对适用污水处理工艺和技术进行比选,认为利用地形高差,采用跌水曝气式生物滤塔+氧化沟处理工艺适用于库区小城镇污水处理。     

长江源头的小流域综合治理及其效能

孟宗沟小流域是长江源头高寒牧区水土流失综合治理试点。通过沟道与坡面两方面的治理，工程措施与生物措施相结合，增加地面、坡面植被，栏蓄径流，减少泥沙下泄，在防护效能上取得了显著成果。     

水蚀风蚀交错带小流域生态环境综合治理模式研究

水蚀风蚀交错带是黄土高原侵蚀最严重的地区和黄河下游河床粗泥沙的主要来源区，其生态环境脆弱、治理难度大，加之晋陕蒙能源基地的大规模开发，也带来了新的环境问题。鉴于治黄和煤田开发及生态环境整治的紧迫需要，以水蚀风蚀交错带六道沟小流域为试区，分析研究了该区水蚀风蚀时空分布规律及脆弱生态环境特征，提出以防治水蚀和风蚀为中心，以提高生态经济效益和持续发展为目标，以基本农田优化结构和高效利用及植被建设为重点，建立具有防蚀固沙兼高效生态经济功能的大农业复合生态系统综合治理模式，取得了良好的社会与经济效益。     

Selecting Socio-Economic Metrics for Watershed Management

The selection of social and economic metrics to document baseline conditions and analyze the dynamic relationships between ecosystems and human communities are important decisions for scientists, managers, and watershed citizens. A large variety of social and economic data is available but these have limited use without theoretical frameworks. In this paper, several frameworks for reviewing social-ecosystem relations are offered, namely social sanctions, sense of place, civic structure, and cultural differences. Underlying all of these frameworks are attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms that affect which questions are asked and which indicators are chosen. Much work and significant challenges remain in developing a standard set of spatially based socio-economic metrics for watershed management.     

基于小光斑激光雷达数据的稀疏林地冠层高程重建

探讨在稀疏林地的条件下,利用小光斑激光雷达获取的多次回波点云数据估算冠层高度,研究不同的高度重建方法包括反距离权重、样条插值以及普通克里格等方法的冠层和地面高度重建的精度。研究发现,在地面和林冠层,不同的重建方法的表现是不一样的,其中样条方法在冠层重建中的精度较高,误差绝对值的平均值为0.95m,并且整体偏差也较小,方差为3.42。而在地面高程重建则是普通克里格方法具有较小的误差,误差绝对值的平均值为0.35m,而样条方法的整体偏差要优于其他两种方法,方差为0.48。经过综合考虑,利用样条方法重建的冠层高程和普通克里格方法重建的地面高程实现了实验区冠层高度的提取。     

三峡库区小流域水体硝态氮含量及与土地利用的关系

通过对三峡库区宝塔河与曲溪两小流域内土地利用结构和施肥状况的调查,以及对流域水体中硝态氮含量连续3年的监测,探讨了土地利用结构和施肥状况等对水体中硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明:①不同流域水体中硝态氮含量存在很大差异,曲溪流域变化范围是0.4~14.6mg/l,平均为6.96mg/l;宝塔河流域变化范围是0.2~6.8mg/l,平均为2.41mg/l,耕地和林地面积所占的比例对流域水体中硝态氮含量有很重要的影响;②曲溪流域水体硝态氮含量的季节性变化表现为春季<夏季<秋季<冬季,这一变化与降雨量的大小有一定关系,也与季节性的农事活动有关;宝塔河流域受居民非农业活动影响显著,其水体硝态氮含量的季节性变化规律不明显,年度变化表现为2005年略高于2004年,但2006年却略为下降,农业耕作对水体硝酸盐的含量影响比曲溪弱。     

干旱地区森林对流域径流的影响

森林对流域径流的影响包括森林对流域径流形成机制的影响、森林对流域径流量的调节以及森林对流域径流水质的影响3个方面。论文根据作者在黄土高原和北京土石山区多年研究的结果，并结合国内同行在森林水文方面的研究成果，就干旱地区森林对流域年总径流量、洪峰流量、枯水径流以及径流水质等方面的影响作了概括。结果表明，在干旱地区随着森林植被覆盖率的增加，流域年总径流量减少；森林植被可以大幅度地减小小流域的暴雨洪峰流量；森林植被覆盖率越高，枯水径流量随之增加；森林可以在很大程度上改善流域径流水质。根据干旱地区森林植被可以减少流域年径流总量的研究结果，初步估算目前我国干旱地区林业生态工程建设（包括天然林）的生态用水量为160亿m3左右。由于森林植被对流域径流影响的复杂性和尺度依赖性，森林在区域（或大流域）尺度的水文功能评价仍有待于进一步深入研究。     

Comparing Green and Grey Infrastructure Using Life Cycle Cost and Environmental Impact: A Rain Garden Case Study in Cincinnati,OH

Green infrastructure (GI) is quickly gaining ground as a less costly, greener alternative to traditional methods of stormwater management. One popular form of GI is the use of rain gardens to capture and treat stormwater. We used life cycle assessment (LCA) to compare environmental impacts of residential rain gardens constructed in the Shepherd's Creek watershed of Cincinnati, Ohio to those from a typical detain and treat system. LCA is an internationally standardized framework for analyzing the potential environmental performance of a product or service by including all stages in its life cycle, including material extraction, manufacturing, use, and disposal. Complementary to the life cycle environmental impact assessment, the life cycle costing approach was adopted to compare the equivalent annual costs of each of these systems. These analyses were supplemented by modeling alternative scenarios to capture the variability in implementing a GI strategy. Our LCA models suggest rain garden costs and impacts are determined by labor requirement; the traditional alternative's impacts are determined largely by the efficiency of wastewater treatment, while costs are determined by the expense of tunnel construction. Gardens were found to be the favorable option, both financially (~42% cost reduction) and environmentally (62‐98% impact reduction). Wastewater utilities may find significant life cycle cost and environmental impact reductions in implementing a rain garden plan.     

Long‐Term Trends of Nutrients and Sediment from the Nontidal Chesapeake Watershed: An Assessment of Progress by River and Season

To assess historical loads of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and suspended sediment (SS) from the nontidal Chesapeake Bay watershed (NTCBW), we analyzed decadal seasonal trends of flow‐normalized loads at the fall‐line of nine major rivers that account for >90% of NTCBW flow. Evaluations of loads by season revealed N, P, and SS load magnitudes have been highest in January‐March and lowest in July‐September, but the temporal trends have followed similar decadal‐scale patterns in all seasons, with notable exceptions. Generally, total N (TN) load has dropped since the late 1980s, but particulate nutrients and SS have risen since the mid‐1990s. The majority of these rises were from Susquehanna River and relate to diminished net trapping at the Conowingo Reservoir. Substantial rises in SS were also observed, however, in other rivers. Moreover, the summed rise in particulate P load from other rivers is of similar magnitude as from Susquehanna. Dissolved nutrient loads have dropped in the upland (Piedmont and above) rivers, but risen in two small rivers in the Coastal Plain affected by lagged groundwater input. In addition, analysis of fractional contributions revealed consistent N trends across the upland watersheds. Finally, total N:total P ratios have declined in most rivers, suggesting the potential for changes in nutrient limitation. Overall, this integrated study of historical data highlights the value of maintaining long‐term monitoring at multiple watershed locations.