Impacts of Residential Development on Humid Subtropical Freshwater Resources: Southwest Florida Experience1

Abstract: The population of Collier and Lee Counties in southwestern Florida has increased 11‐fold from 1960 to 2004 with a concomitant increase in freshwater demand. Water levels and salinity within the water table aquifer over the past two to three decades have generally been stable, with more monitoring wells showing statistically significant temporal increases in water level than decreases. Residential development has had a neutral impact on the water table aquifer because the total annual evapotranspiration of residential communities is comparable to that of native vegetation and less than that of most agricultural land uses. Public water supply systems and private wells also result in net recharge to the water table aquifer with water produced from deeper aquifers. Confined freshwater aquifers have overall trends of decreasing water levels. However, with the exception of the mid‐Hawthorn aquifer, water levels in most areas recover to near background levels each summer wet season. Freshwater resources in humid subtropical areas, such as southwestern Florida, are relatively robust because of the great aquifer recharge potential from the excess of rainfall over ET during the wet season. Proper management can result in sustainable water resources.     

中国社会发展的战略构想

本文建立了“经济发展主要靠市场,社会发展主要靠政策”的总体调控模式,强调了建立国家级十大调控体系和具体指标体系的必要性,阐述了社会发展战略的立足点,发展观念的转变及发展模式的正确选择。     

三峡工程移民与社会心理

三峡工程移民是关系到三峡工程成败的重要课题。本文从社会心理角度分析探讨了三峡工程对移民心理的作用以及移民的社会心理因素对三峡工程的影响,进而在开发性移民的基础上,提出开发协同式移民的设想,主张不仅应从经济角度考虑,而且还应从社会、心理等多方面研究,以协调人与自然的关系、人与人的关系,达到“天人合一”的境界。     

社会需要的两极保障与社会的稳定发展——关于灾害的若干社会学思考

本文从社会需要的两极保障是社会稳定与发展的前提出发,论述了社会需要、自然环境与灾害的关系;并从发展生产与引导人的需要两方面阐述了维护生态平衡是减灾工作的重点途径之一。     

The Impact of Development and Privatization on Environmental Protection: An International Perspective

The purpose of this paper is to add to the body of knowledge and understanding of the impact of development and privatization on international environmental protection with the focus on balancing social and economic performance for the affected organizations and communities. More specifically, supported by a database of worldwide, regional, and country studies from 1991 to 2000, it is proposed that the role of development and privatization in environmental administration in the international context has negative as well as positive consequences. Moreover, the negative consequences are often masked or go undetected because the effectiveness of development and privatization is based primarily on economic performance. Thus, to obtain a more accurate and realistic determination of the effectiveness of development and privatization, measures of social as well as economic performance and the overall effect on the natural environment should be considered.     

秦岭山区农村社会空间演化研究——以陕西秦岭山区三县为例

社会空间是社会过程与空间过程的有机统一,把握山区农村社会空间的形成、演化,可以为通过空间规划推动乡村振兴提供新的切入点。在对陕西省太白县、柞水县、商州区三个秦岭山区县的农户进行入户调查、县乡调研和文献分析的基础上,采用统计占比分析和相关分析研究山区农村社会的特征,从结构角度分析社会空间的参与者、基本组成和演化类型三个方面的内容。结果表明：（1）在参与农村社会空间演化的过程中,政府的主导作用最为显著,乡村精英起着承上启下的作用,外部工商资本是新的推动力量,本地农民是农村社会空间生成的基质;（2）山区农村社会空间由物理空间、意愿—行动空间和制度空间三个层次有机结合、共同构成;（3）山区农村社会空间的演化过程可以分成生产、分离、转移、扩展、压缩和消亡等几种基本演变类型。通过空间规划中考虑营造植根于农村并能扩展的社会空间,引导山区农村社会在变革中向良性发展,可为乡村振兴战略的具体实施提供指导。     

甘肃省自然灾害及其防治对策

本文就甘肃省自然灾害的类型、分布、成因及其对社会经济的影响进行了分析研究,并提出了防治对策。     

Extending the EU Renewable Energy Directive sustainability criteria to solid bioenergy from forests

Solid bioenergy from forests plays — and is expected to continue to play — a key role to fulfil the renewable energy targets at the European Union level. When the Renewable Energy Directive was enacted, sustainability criteria were incorporated solely for biofuels and bioliquids. Sustainability criteria for solid bioenergy are also needed in order to prevent wood and primary forest residues from posing additional environmental risks to ecosystems. Acknowledging this, the European Commission has been working on extending the biofuels and bioliquids provisions to solid biomass. An internal draft was circulated in August 2013 which addressed the ways to both balance and mitigate the risks in three main topics: biodiversity; sustainable forest management; and greenhouse gases. This paper presents a set of criteria and indicators, developed during workshops with experts from Governments, scientific institutions, businesses and NGOs, that may be considered by the EU to assure that solid biomass from forests is obtained in an environmentally sustainable way.     

土地可持续利用评价的指标体系与方法

本文分析了土地利用系统和土地可持续利用的特点,阐述了土地利用的持续性是土地利用适宜性在时间上的扩展,从生态、经济和社会３方面建立了土地可持续利用评价的指标体系。在不同的空间尺度上,土地可持续利用评价的主导因素也不同,从田块-农场-流域或景观-区域或国家-全球,土地利用可持续利用的主要约束因素分别是农业技术-微观经济-生态因子-宏观经济和社会因子-宏观生态因子,依据这一特点,提出了区域土地可持续利用的评价过程。     

焦岗湖湿地土地利用格局演变及区域可持续性评价

以焦岗湖湿地为研究区,选取1995~2013年间5期遥感影像数据,应用土地利用变化测度模型分析研究区土地利用变化特征,并结合社会统计数据构建可持续性测评体系,对研究区可持续发展水平进行量化分析.结果表明:1研究区旱地、水田、建筑用地为主导景观,1995~2000年和2010~2013年为土地利用变化热点时段,但驱动机制不同;2近20 a尺度上建筑用地变化最为明显(增幅为123.32%),湿地萎缩面积较大(减幅为23.15%),空间格局层次单一,存在一定土地利用风险;3区域可持续发展水平各时段评价结果分别为差、差、中、良、中,仍有较大提升空间;4 2010年随着区域生产力的提高和区域稳定性的增强,研究区可持续发展水平较好,2010年后由于环境负荷的进一步累积,区域受胁度升高,可持续发展水平受阻,应引起决策者和公众的广泛重视.