颗粒活性炭吸附染料时的表面分形分析

采用N2吸附-脱附实验研究了颗粒活性炭吸附染料前后表面特征的变化,运用表面分形维数表征了表面屏蔽效应和表面粗糙性等性质.结果表明,颗粒活性炭的孔结构是倾斜板交错重叠而形成四面开放的缝隙,桃红、绿色、天蓝、耐晒黑可以撑开颗粒活性炭的孔隙,增大平均孔径;耐晒翠蓝具有降低孔径的能力;大红却有些微孔阻塞作用.FHH理论计算出的相应的7个颗粒活性炭样品吸附6种染料前后的孔隙表面分形维数Ds很接近,为2.97左右,证明颗粒活性炭上吸附的染料并没有发生表面屏蔽效应,也没有使颗粒活性炭表面的粗糙性降低.分形吸附等温线法与基于N2吸附-脱附的FHH理论法计算出的Ds相差较大,这与两种算法的理论基础和码尺大小有关.而热力学模型计算出的Ds远大于3,与Sahouli等的研究不符.     

ABR成熟颗粒污泥的分形特征与尺度效应

建立了基于SEM照片研究ABR成熟颗粒污泥分形特征的操作程序,采用Photoshop、Newscan和Fips程序对该图形进行处理和分形维数计算.颗粒污泥的计盒维数值处于1.85以上,第3格室和第5格室形成的颗粒污泥较为致密.不同格室颗粒污泥边界的计盒维数的值在1.10左右,表明它们的边界或表面是不规则的,而且第1格室和第5格室形成的颗粒污泥的表面不规则程度高一些.颗粒污泥边界的圆规维数计算结果也表明其表面是不规则的,而且每一个颗粒污泥都存在2个分形维数的尺度区间,有的区间跨度达一个数量级.另外,不同的计算维数的方法会导致结果的差异.建立不同尺度域下的分形维数与颗粒污泥的组成、结构及物化特征的关系将具有重要意义.     

颗粒活性炭吸附染料过程的分形特征研究

运用Langmuir分形吸附等温线方程模拟了颗粒活性炭对染料的吸附,得到了较好的效果,并且以染料分子作为码尺计算出颗粒活性炭的表面分形维数Ds为2.590 2.染料在颗粒活性炭上的吸附动力学具有类分形特征,吸附反应的逐时速率系数k与反应时间t呈指数关系.但通过本文计算出的指数h值无法计算出分形子谱维数ds.     

气态加氢站定量风险评估研究

从加氢站的事故场景、事故频率、事故后果、死亡概率和个人及社会风险5个方面进行研究,提出气态加氢站定量风险分析模型,并结合某加氢站进行了实例计算分析,计算出该加氢站量化的个人风险和社会风险,经与国内外认可的可接受风险标准比较后,得出其风险水平是否可接受的分析结论。     

Converging disciplinary understandings of social aspects of resilience

Resilience thinking has developed separately in the bodies of literature on social-ecological systems, and that published principally within developmental psychology and mental health on the resilience of individuals. This paper explores what these bodies of literature might learn from the other towards a more integrated and enriched understanding of both social-ecological systems and social resilience. The psychology-based literature recognises a strong set of factors that enhance the strengths of individuals and communities, but lacks a sophisticated integration of the physical environmental context. The social-ecological systems literature offers an excellent foundation in complex adaptive systems, but tends to superimpose ecological concepts of system function onto the human domain, and needs to include an array of core social science concepts that are important to a full understanding of social-ecological systems. An example on north eastern Australia suggests how a converged understanding of social resilience could assist managers to acknowledge, enhance and foster social resilience in linked social-ecological systems.     

Desires and Management Preferences of Stakeholders Regarding Feral Cats in the Hawaiian Islands

Feral cats are abundant in many parts of the world and a source of conservation conflict. Our goal was to clarify the beliefs and desires held by stakeholders regarding feral cat abundance and management. We measured people's desired abundance of feral cats in the Hawaiian Islands and identified an order of preference for 7 feral cat management techniques. In 2011 we disseminated a survey to 5407 Hawaii residents. Approximately 46% of preidentified stakeholders and 20% of random residents responded to the survey (1510 surveys returned). Results from the potential for conflict index revealed a high level of consensus (86.9% of respondents) that feral cat abundance should be decreased. The 3 most common explanatory variables for respondents’ stated desires were enjoyment from seeing feral cats (84%), intrinsic value of feral cats (12%), and threat to native fauna (73%). The frequency with which respondents saw cats and change in the perceived abundance of cats also affected respondent's desired abundance of cats; 41.3% of respondents stated that they saw feral cats daily and 44.7% stated that the cat population had increased in recent years. Other potential environmental impacts of feral cats had little affect on desired abundance. The majority of respondents (78%) supported removing feral cats from the natural environment permanently. Consensus convergence models with data from 1388 respondents who completed the relevant questions showed live capture and lethal injection was the most preferred technique and trap‐neuter‐release was the least preferred technique for managing feral cats. However, the acceptability of each technique varied among stakeholders. Our results suggest that the majority of Hawaii's residents would like to see effective management that reduces the abundance of feral or free‐roaming cats. Deseos y Preferencias de Manejo de las Partes Interesadas con Respecto a los Gatos Ferales en las Islas Hawaianas.     

不同碳源培养的成熟好氧颗粒污泥的分形表征

为了表征不同碳源培养的好氧颗粒污泥的密实以及规则程度,试验利用不同碳源培养的成熟好氧颗粒污泥SEM照片,采用Photoshop、Fips2对图形进行处理并且对图像进行分形计盒维数的计算.其中,1号(葡萄糖膨胀颗粒)好氧颗粒的计盒维数最低,达到1.794±0.011,3号(蛋白胨颗粒)与5号(生活污水颗粒)的分形维数较高,达到了1.866±0.018和1.880±0.015,较为致密.不同碳源培养的好氧颗粒污泥的边界计盒维数主要分布在1.14左右,其中6号(啤酒颗粒)的形状较为规则,计盒维数达到1.115±0.003,7号(垃圾渗滤液颗粒)污泥的形状最不规则.结果表明,利用二维分形维数能够较好地表征、区分不同好氧颗粒污泥的密实程度、规则程度,并且能够表征好氧颗粒污泥的状态,如膨胀等.分形表征一定程度上弥补其他现有表征好氧颗粒污泥的理化特性方法的缺陷,为研究好氧颗粒污泥的组成、结构及物化特征的关系提供重要依据.     

面向区域可持续发展的信息特征分类

区域可持续发展是可持续发展在时间、空间和构成要素上的含义的具体化。信息特征分类是区域可持续发展研究的基础内容之一。区域可持续发展的信息特征具有时空性和复杂性的特点。在总结前人区域可持续发展相关研究的基础上，提出区域可持续发展信息特征分类的原则和综合分类方法。依据区域可持续发展的三维系统理论（即区域系统在时间上／代际之间的公平，空闻上（区域内和区域间）发展的平等和区域系统各要素闻的协调）。在将区域可持续发展系统的信息特征分为时间特征、空间特征和要素构成特征的基础上，初步建立区域可持续发展多维信息特征分类的框架及其编码。并给出具体应用实例。这对于区域可持续发展信息的共事，区域可持续发展数据模型的研究以及区域可持续发展的评价等具有重要的意义。     

Inventing the future: scenarios, imagination, mastery and control

The complexity of mixed social, behavioral, and natural systems—such as those encountered while analyzing, understanding, and trying to manage aspects of climate change and sustainability, requires more common theoretical frameworks and technical tools than either can bear. How does human activity relate to greenhouse gas emissions, changes in the atmosphere, climate variability, and multiple impacts, outcomes, and effects? Some of the connections can be observed and measured, many cannot. Uncertainties of every conceivable sort can occur. As the time frame into the future extends, uncertainties essentially dominate conventional theories, tools, experiences, habits, processes, and so forth. The scientific consensus linking human activity to climate change is now all but settled according to The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The consensus says little, however, about who should be doing what and for what reasons under this singular, even unique circumstance. There are no data about the future on which to rely. We are challenged to imagine many different and possible “futures” as humankind seeks to exert its mastery and control. This essay considers and then weaves together several basic issues, ideas, and topics: complexity, the concept of human intentionality, several means used to exert control in organizations and social systems, and different methods being used to imagine, invent, and communicate the future.