Potential health risks due to toxic contamination in the ambient environment of certain Indian states

Toxic or hazardous substances pose two types of risks in the environment, namely `short-term or acute risk' and `long-termor chronic risk'. The short-term risk is associated with the one-time acute exposure to potentially hazardous substancesaccidentally released in the environment, whereas the long-termrisk is resulted from continuous exposure to potentially harmfulsubstances present in different environmental media. This articledeals with the assessment of potential health risks related to certain carcinogens and non-carcinogens (e.g. cadmium, chromiumand nickel) present in three environmental media, viz. air, waterand food in different Indian states (regions). Appropriate dose-response models have been identified and used for this purpose with the assumptions and input data as per the Indian context. Mean values of ambient air concentration levels of Cd,Cr and Ni have been used to estimate the individual and societalrisks of extra cancer in different states of India. The hazardquotients and hazard index representing the non-carcinogenic chronic health effects caused by chromium and cadmium due to their long-term exposure through water and food have also beenestimated. The risk results have been compared with the diseasesurveillance data. A definite correlation between the estimatedrisk results and the reported number of lung cancer cases and chronic liver diseases have been observed in different regions. As a matter of fact, it is not possible to derive precise risk estimates due to various uncertainties included both in availabledata and in the models which are used to calculate potency factors and effective concentration. However, average risk levelsas estimated and presented in this article are quite useful forplanning purposes.     

Anthropometric hand dimensions in a population of Iranian male workers in 2012

Background. The mismatch between the hand size of workers and the size of industrial instruments is a growing concern; it can lead to various musculoskeletal complications. Currently, there are few reliable studies available to address this concern in Iran. This study was conducted to measure 30 upper-extremity parameters in a group of Iranian industrial workers. Methods. This study is a cross-sectional study on 529 workers. The study population was randomly selected from male Iranian industrial workers who were referred to the Yazd hospital occupational medicine clinic for surveillance evaluations. Results. The M (SD) age of the participants was 30.13 (8.29) years. Statistical analysis was performed using the mean, standard deviation and 5th, 50th and 90th percentiles for each measured hand dimension. A considerable number of dimensions were significantly different between the measurements of right and left hands in each examinee. The results showed significant differences between Iranian hand size and that of other populations. Conclusion. This study provided a valuable databank of hand dimensions in a population of Iranian male workers. These data can be used by manufacturers in designing high-quality hand-tools and industrial gloves, taking into consideration Iranian worker characteristics.     

基于MATLAB的湘江流域工业固体废物灰色预测

对灰色预测原理及其建模步骤作了系统介绍。借助MATLAB软件建立等维灰数递补残差修正动态模型预测湘江流域未来10年工业固体废物年产量,以期为湘江流域今后工业固体废物的管理、污染防治工作提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)用此模型进行预测,相对误差均在5%以下,预测精度较高,取得了较理想的预测效果;(2)湘江流域未来10年工业固体废物年产量预测值呈指数趋势增长,年增长率为8%～12%,到2016年湘江流域工业固体废物年产量预计将达到7645.01万t。     

等维灰数递补动态模型在废水排放量预测中的应用研究

为了克服GM（1,1）预测模型的不足,提出了污染物排放量预测的等维灰数递补动态预测模型。考虑到用QB、C等语言编写程序比较繁杂,本文利用MATLAB软件编写了对应的计算程序,该程序简化了参数的求解过程并减少了程序量。通过对“十一五”期间安徽省工业和生活废水排放量预测的实际应用,验证了等维灰数递补动态预测模型在污染物排放量预测中应用的可行性。     

GIS在防震减灾中应用的发展趋势研究

地理信息系统技术应用于防震减灾工作中，极大地提升了我国防震减灾的科学水平，开拓了防震减灾新途径。目前，GIS技术在地震预报、震害预测、地震区划等防震减灾科学研究领域已得到较为广泛的应用。当今社会的发展，以信息技术和空间应用为特征，WebGIS，Open GIS，三维GIS成为今后GIS在防震减灾研究中应用的重要发展方向。     

混凝机理物理模型中混合剪切阶段的研究

在总结絮凝剪切理论和实验研究的基础上,从亚微观的角度上,提出了混凝过程的物理模型,该模型从理论上强调了絮凝剪切碰撞的有效性和结合了分形维数评价混凝效果及过程。该模型指出:只有胶体颗粒与充分分散的药剂充分接触,才有可能充分地形成微絮体,也才有可能充分地或高效地(短时间内)形成大絮体。也就是说充分地混合剪切,才有高质量的凝聚,才可能有高效地絮凝。我们强调这种混合剪切是指在一定的流体力作用下颗粒与药剂的充分分散和接触。无机絮凝剂从添加到分散,到与颗粒发生接触作用,到脱稳颗粒形成微絮体乃至以后的大絮体,它在一定的弱搅拌强度下需要一定的时间;添加有机絮凝剂时则需要较强的搅拌强度。试验也证明:在上述条件下,其混凝沉降效果大大优于传统的混凝沉降效果。     

不同碳源培养的成熟好氧颗粒污泥的分形表征

为了表征不同碳源培养的好氧颗粒污泥的密实以及规则程度,试验利用不同碳源培养的成熟好氧颗粒污泥SEM照片,采用Photoshop、Fips2对图形进行处理并且对图像进行分形计盒维数的计算.其中,1号(葡萄糖膨胀颗粒)好氧颗粒的计盒维数最低,达到1.794±0.011,3号(蛋白胨颗粒)与5号(生活污水颗粒)的分形维数较高,达到了1.866±0.018和1.880±0.015,较为致密.不同碳源培养的好氧颗粒污泥的边界计盒维数主要分布在1.14左右,其中6号(啤酒颗粒)的形状较为规则,计盒维数达到1.115±0.003,7号(垃圾渗滤液颗粒)污泥的形状最不规则.结果表明,利用二维分形维数能够较好地表征、区分不同好氧颗粒污泥的密实程度、规则程度,并且能够表征好氧颗粒污泥的状态,如膨胀等.分形表征一定程度上弥补其他现有表征好氧颗粒污泥的理化特性方法的缺陷,为研究好氧颗粒污泥的组成、结构及物化特征的关系提供重要依据.     

Physical characteristics of conditioned anaerobic digested sludge - A fractal,transient and dynamic rheological viewpoint

The changes in the physical characteristics of unconditioned and conditioned anaerobic digested sludge (ADS) biosolids,such as capillary suction time (CST),yield stress,average size and fractal dimensions,were investigated through a CST test,transient and dynamic rheological test and image analysis.The results showed that the optimum polymer dose range was observed when CST or its reciprocal value was employed as an indicator.There were good correlations between the yield stresses determined from both a controlled shear stress test and a strain amplitude sweep test.The yield stress and storage modulus (G') increased as the polymer dose increased in most cases.A frequency sweep test revealed that polymer conditioning could extend the frequency sweep ranges for their elastic behaviors over viscous behaviors as well as the gel-like structure in the linear viscoelastic range.These results implied that more deformation energy was stored in this rigid structure,and that elastic behavior became increasingly dominant with the addition of the polymer in most cases.In addition,both the average sizes and two-dimensional fractal dimensions for conditioned ADS biosolids presented a similar up-climax-down variation trend as the polymer doses increased,whereas the critical polymer doses at the highest average sizes or two-dimensional fractal dimensions,were different.Correlation analysis revealed that the conditioned ADS dewaterability was not correlated with the yield stresses,while the average sizes or the two-dimensional fractal dimensions for conditioned ADS biosolids could be taken as the indication parameters for ADS dewaterability.     

区域海域生态环境人文影响评价方法的构建及其应用——基于状态空间法的研究

区域海域生态环境的可持续发展是区域可持续发展的重要组成部分,文章基于国内外评价区域承载状况的方法基础上,以状态空间法为理论基础,构建出评价区域海域生态环境人文影响的定量方法.从案例的应用结果来看,文章所构建的方法具有一定的科学性、适用性与一般性.最后,浙江宁波地区及近岸海域的定量评价结果表明,该地区人文因素所带来的影响已大大超过了其近海域生态环境的可承受度.     

KN95颗粒物防护口罩适合性与头面部尺寸关系研究

测量两种KN95颗粒物防护口罩的适合性和人体头面部尺寸,分析影响口罩适合性的人体尺寸因素。选择80名受试对象,使用弯角规和直角规进行头面部尺寸测量。受试者分别佩戴3M 8210、3M 8210v颗粒物防护口罩,使用TSI 8038进行定量适合性检验。两种口罩的适合性检验通过率无差异（P＞0.05）,通过率无性别差异（P＞0.05）。男性鼻宽对3M 8210的适合性有影响（P＜0.05）,女性面宽和两耳屏点间颌下弧长对3M 8210v的适合性有影响（P＜0.05）。面宽和鼻宽可作为初步选择颗粒物防护口罩的参考指标,但仍需经过定量适合性检验。