轻型厂房的几种基础型式经济性比较

针对上部结构荷载不大，场地内回填土较厚且回填时间较长的某一轻型厂房，笔者选择人工挖孔桩，冲击式夯扩桩和换土垫层三种不同的基础施工方案进行比较，在保证强度、刚度、稳定性和严格控制基础沉降的前提下，从不同的角度作出工程技术经济分析，对类似工程具有一定的参考作用．     

刈割对牧草地下部根区土壤养分及土壤酶活性的影响

对不同刈割强度对牧草地下部根区土壤养分状况及土壤酶活性进行了研究,结果表明,牧草刈割对根区土壤养分、土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量存在一定影响。不同刈割强度对牧草根区土壤有机质、全磷和全钾含量无明显影响。土壤全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均因刈割强度的增加而显著下降。土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶活性因刈割处理强度的增加而下降;土壤过氧化氢酶活性则表现为相反的变化趋势。刈割对土壤微生物总数量的影响较大,表现为轻刈割>不刈割>重刈割。     

蛭石和沸石对番茄青枯病及土壤微生物的影响

施用沸石于番茄连作地，使番茄青枯病显著减少，但施用蛭石使番茄青枯病加重。施用沸石后土壤微生物生物量显著提高，而蛭石处理对土壤微生物生物量的影响不明显。沸石和蛭石都能提高土壤中真菌、细菌和放线菌的数量和土壤微生物活性，其中沸石处理的土壤高于蛭石处理的土壤。     

AFTER THE 1993 FLOOD: A WATER AND SURFICIAL BED SEDIMENT QUALITY SCENARIO ON THE ILLINOIS AND UPPER MISSISSIPPI RWERS1

ABSTRACT: Effects of the 1993 flood on river water and sediment quality were investigated using historical data and data collected from the Illinois River and Upper Mississippi River in a post‐flood period. Overall the post‐flood results showed systematic reductions and individual changes in the water and sediment constituents. The reductions in sediment metals and nutrients were most obvious at the Keokuk and Lock and Dam 26 stations. By analyzing and comparing the physical changes to the changes in water and sediment constituents at each station, it was found that physical processes such as sediment entrainment and, more importantly, the removal of fine sediment to be the main causes for the reduced concentrations in sediment constituents. On the other hand, sediment redistribution and associated secondary contamination could have caused the emergence of several water and sediment constituents that were undetected before the flood.     

LANDSAT MID-INFRARED DATA AND GIS IN REGIONAL SURFACE SOIL-MOISTURE ASSESSMENT1

ABSTRACT: Landsat satellite Thematic Mapper (TM) data were used to assess regional soil moisture conditions. The mid-infrared (MIR) data of TM band 7 were overlain onto four principal land-use categories (Agricultural/Irrigated, Urban/Clearings, Forest/ Wetlands, Water) using a geographic information system (GIS). M data were used to assess four qualitative surface soil-moisture conditions (water/very wet, wet, moist, and dry) within each land-use category of a 208,354 ha southwestern Florida study area. The MIR response was inversely related to the qualitative surface soil-moisture content. Integration of Landsat TM MIR data with land use through GIS appears to be a useful technique for high-resolution regional soil moisture assessment, and further research to reline this technique is recommended.     

微生物对土壤环境中重金属活性的影响

各种工农业生产和家庭消费引起的重金属在环境中的释放 ,以及由此带来的环境胁迫和破坏 ,呈加剧的趋势 .在全球范围内 ,人类活动引起的Ｐｂ ,Ｃｄ,Ｖ与Ｚｎ的释放量分别是自然情况下的 12 ,5 ,3和 3倍 .Ｓｂ ,Ａｓ ,Ｃｒ,Ｃｕ ,Ｈｇ,Ｎｉ,Ｓｅ等的人为释放量或超过自然释放量 ,或与自然释放量持平[1] .土壤是重金属离子的源和汇 ,土壤中的重金属离子可以多种形态存在 ,如可溶态、交换态以及与不同土壤固相组分如碳酸盐、铁锰氧化物、有机质、残渣物质结合的形态[2 ] .重金属在土壤中的活性和生物有效性受到多种因素的制约 ,特别是各种有机胶…     

林(竹)草不同植被恢复模式下的土壤物理特性

利用建立生态定位观测场,对华西雨屏区洪雅县低山区退耕还林中的桦木+扁穗牛鞭草、苦竹+扁穗牛鞭草、纯扁穗牛鞭草和撑绿杂交竹＋扁穗牛鞭草4种林（竹）草植被类型进行定位观测,研究不同植被恢复类型对土壤物理特性的改良。试验结果表明：林（竹）草不同植被类型植被恢复5年后,土壤0～40 cm土层的砂粒和粗粉粒百分含量均有一定的下降,在一定程度上逆转了原坡耕地土壤继续“粗化”的趋势;4种植被恢复类型土壤0～40 cm土层的物理性粘粒含量与农耕地相比均有一定提高,在一定程度上增强了固持土壤养分的能力,以苦竹＋扁穗牛鞭草改良效果最好;与农耕地相比,4种植被恢复类型土壤0～40 cm土层土壤容重有增有减,以苦竹＋扁穗牛鞭草和撑绿杂交竹＋扁穗牛鞭草植被恢复类型改良效果相对较优;虽然除纯牛鞭草地外其它3种植被恢复类型土壤0～40 cm的总孔隙度与农耕地相比都有一定程度的增加,但土壤总孔隙度都偏小,非毛管孔隙/毛管孔隙值也不合理。可见土壤结构的改良并非退耕后植被恢复短期内就能实现的,还需长时间的植被保护、合理的经营。〖     

Soil Lead at Elementary Public Schools: Comparison Between School Properties and Residential Neighbourhoods of New Orleans

Soil studies, conducted in Maryland, Minnesota and Louisiana, have described the urban pattern of lead contamination. They have shown that the highest amounts of lead cluster within the interior of the largest cities. The results of the New Orleans urban patterns of distribution of soil lead provided the basis for further study. The hypothesis was tested that elementary school properties have the same pattern of soil lead contamination as their neighbouring residential communities. Thirty New Orleans Public Elementary Schools were selected for this study. Surface samples (2.5cm or 1 inch depth) were collected from playgrounds and next to entrances of each school. Results showed that soil lead on school properties follows the same relative contamination patterns (pvalue10^–5) as soil lead on residential properties of neighbouring communities. Schools however, have significantly lower lead contamination than the neighbouring residential properties. Innercity school properties present a higher risk of soil lead exposure than mid and outercity schools. Soils next to innercity school entrances showed the highest lead, with 18.5% having concentrations over 400gg^–1. Systematic landscaping around the school entrances would significantly reduce the hazard from lead dust contaminated soils.     

Soil Lead and Children’s Blood Lead Levels in Syracuse, NY, USA

A geo-referenced data set of 12 228 first-time blood lead screening values for Syracuse, NY, children was established for the 4-year period 1992–1996. Soil lead values were measured in a 600 m by 600 m tessellation grid covering the city. The two data sets were merged for evaluation of relationships between them. Strong seasonal variation in blood lead levels suggests the importance of contaminated soils as an exposure source. When the data were aggregated at a large geographic scale (3 km²), a logarithmic model showed an R² of > 0.65 for the regression of geometric mean blood lead on median soil lead values. Results showed a striking similarity to those obtained by Mielke et al. (1999) for a study in New Orleans, LA, USA.     

白洋淀北岸农田土壤特性的表征

本文采用标准方法,测定了白洋淀北岸部分农田土壤的粒度组成、ｐＨ和有机碳含量等指标,对该地区土壤的特性进行了表征分析。结果表明,土壤的平均粒度分布大于２０μｍ的占５２．７３％,主要属于砂壤土。与１０年前相比,ｐＨ值变化不大;而有机碳含量是１０年前的１．２６倍。ｐＨ随土壤的垂直深度而略有增加,而有机碳含量则随土壤的垂直深度而减少。