Methodological and Practical Considerations for Developing Multiproject Baselines for Electric Power and Cement Industry Projects in Central America

The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and the Center for Sustainable Development in the Americas (CSDA) conducted technical studies and organized two training workshops to develop capacity in Central America for the evaluation of climate change projects. This paper describes the results of two baseline case studies conducted for these workshops, one for the power sector and one for the cement industry, that were devised to illustrate certain approaches to baseline setting. Multiproject baseline emission rates (BERs) for the main Guatemalan electricity grid were calculated from 2001 data. In recent years, the Guatemalan power sector has experienced rapid growth; thus, a sufficient number of new plants have been built to estimate viable BERs. We found that BERs for baseload plants offsetting additional baseload capacity ranged from 0.702 kgCO2/kWh (using a weighted average stringency) to 0.507 kgCO2/kWh (using a 10th percentile stringency), while the baseline for plants offsetting load-following capacity is lower at 0.567 kgCO2/kWh. For power displaced from existing load-following plants, the rate is higher, 0.735 kgCO2/kWh, as a result of the age of some plants used for meeting peak loads and the infrequency of their use. The approved consolidated methodology for the Clean Development Mechanism yields a single rate of 0.753 kgCO2/kWh. Due to the relatively small number of cement plants in the region and the regional nature of the cement market, all of Central America was chosen as the geographic boundary for setting cement industry BERs. Unfortunately, actual operations and output data were unobtainable for most of the plants in the region, and many data were estimated. Cement industry BERs ranged from 205 kgCO2 to 225 kgCO2 per metric ton of cement.     

云南省土壤污染状况调查中样品的保存与管理

主要介绍了土壤污染状况调查中,应通过规范要求土壤样品的保存与管理步骤,确保土壤污染状况调查数据的准确性与可比性。     

大气降尘对土壤重金属累积量估算方法探讨——以重庆市綦江县永新冶炼厂为例

中国的有色金属冶炼企业、矿区周围土壤重金属污染日趋严重.本文对可能造成土壤污染的途径进行了简要分析,并以重庆市綦江县永新冶炼厂为例,分析了冶炼厂排放废气中含重金属颗粒物沉降进入土壤的途径,结合厂址周围土壤中镍含量的监测数据,计算分析了冶炼厂投产30年后,受影响区域因大气降尘引起的土壤镍污染分布状况及趋势,估算得出每年大约有250 kg的镍沉降到厂址周围约4 km2范围内的土壤中,自然沉降率约为32%,为区域土壤重金属污染防治提供了科学依据.     

二氧化钛涂覆材料对甲苯的光催化降解作用

在自制的模拟小室中对二氧化钛涂覆材料的光催化性能进行了初步研究，在玻璃、瓷砖和日光灯这3种常见材料表面涂覆了二氧化钛，并以甲苯为模型化合物，测试了3种材料的净化性能。结果表明，3者对甲苯均有一定的降解效果，是有实用前景的光催化净化材料。     

稳定土技术在土路扬尘治理中的应用及展望

综合分析了稳定土技术用于土路扬尘污染治理的各种方法。然后在此基础上对该课题的研究及其发展提出了有关看法和建议     

工业废石膏在地基加固中的应用

研究和实践表明:工业废石膏与水泥配合加固软土地基,与单用水泥加固相比,加固土强度可以成倍提高。废石膏的最佳掺量一般为水泥用量的20%左右。用废石膏水泥加固时,其水化物不仅有与水泥相同的水化硅酸钙将松散的土粒胶结成整体,而且还产生钙矾石,其晶体膨胀填充孙隙使加固土强度进一步提高。利用废石膏加固地基不会产生二次污染。     

西湖底泥不同供氧条件下有机质降解及CO2与CH4释放速率的模拟研究

采用密闭培养实验装置于室温（２５℃左右）及ｐＨ为７５条件下，对西湖底泥中有机质完全降解及转化为ＣＯ２和ＣＨ４的速率进行了模拟研究．结果表明，在西湖湖水现有供氧水平（５０—８６ｍｇ（Ｏ２）／Ｌ）条件下，底泥中有机质完全降解的速率最为缓慢，培养期间（４２天）平均只有０７２ｍｇ（Ｃ）／（ｋｇ·ｄ）．当湖水供氧水平进一步上升（８６→１２０→１６０ｍｇ（Ｏ２）／Ｌ），ＣＯ２释放速率增加，最大值可达到８７ｍｇ（Ｃ）／（ｋｇ·周）；当湖水供氧水平下降（８６→０ｍｇ（Ｏ２）／Ｌ），ＣＨ４释放速率加快，最大值可达到４６ｍｇ（Ｃ）／（ｋｇ·周）．     

Wood materials used as a means to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs): An examination of wooden utility poles

There has been growing concern over the build-up of greenhouse gase(GHGs) in the atmosphere, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂), as acause of global warming. The IPCC Third Assessment Report (2001) suggests two ways in which the choice of materials could berelevant. First, some materials, particularly wood, have the advantage thatthey continue to hold carbon (C)in their cells even after being convertedto products. The implications of this feature are well researched. Second,an area that is not well researched relates to the different energyrequirements for producing similar products made with different materials. Using the findings of recent research, this paper compares the energyrequirements and C emissions of manufacturing a product using wood withthat of other materials. The case study of utility poles demonstrates thepositive C and global warming consequences of the lower energyrequirements of wood in the U.S., compared to other materials such assteel or concrete. It demonstrates that GHG emissions associated withutility poles are a small but significant percent of total US annual emissions. Wood utility poles are associated with GHG emission reductions of 163Terragrams (Tg) of CO₂ when compared with steel poles. This isabout 2.8 percent of US annual GHG emissions, which are estimated atabout 5.28 Petragrams (Pg) of CO₂ annually. Thus, the use ofwooden utility poles rather than steel results in a small but significantreduction in total US emissions.     

Mechanisms of granular activated carbon anaerobic fluidized-bed process for treating phenols wastewater

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＢｅｆｏｒｅｔｈｅ 1 980ｓｃｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎａｌｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓｏｆｐｈｅｎｏｌｓｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒａｒｅｓｏｌｖｅｎｔｅｘｔｒａｃｔｉｏｎ ,ｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌａｄｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎ ,ｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｏｘｉｄａｔｉｏｎａｎｄａｅｒｏｂｉｃｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ.Ａｍｏｎｇｔｈｅｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｕｎｉｔｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓａｃｔｉｖａｔｅｄｓｌｕｄｇｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｓｍａｉｎｏｎｅ.Ａｆｔｅｒｔｈｅ 1 980ｓａｎａｅｒｏｂｉｃｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃ…     

序列间歇式好氧活性污泥法处理生物制药废水研究

本研究采用好氧ＳＢＲ法处理生物制药废水。试验结果表明，废水中不需另加氮磷营养物质，当进水ＣＯＤＣｒ为９１１～３２８０ｍｇ／Ｌ时，在曝气１６ｈ条件下，出水ＣＯＤＣｒ在３５０ｍｇ／Ｌ以下，ＢＯＤ５在８０ｍｇ／Ｌ以下，ＳＳ在１５０ｍｇ／Ｌ以下，皆达到生物制药工业废水二级排放标准。本文还对好氧ＳＢＲ法的有机物降解动力学过程进行了研究。