生物陶粒流化床-污泥滤层脱氮工艺的试验研究

采用生物陶粒流化床-污泥滤层工艺对含氮有机废水处理进行试验研究,研究结果表明:系统内可固着生长不受抑制的硝化菌种群,氨氮去除率可以达到93%￣95%;三相分离区形成稳定的污泥滤层,可使总氮去除率得以显著提高;当HRT为1.5h,曝气量为0.25m3/h,BOD容积负荷为9.2～10.4BOD5/m3.d,总氮容积负荷0.65kgTN/m3.d条件下,可得到BOD5的去除率85%,总氮去除率74%的处理效果。     

微量营养物质对有机废水厌氧消化过程的调控作用

通过向处理酸性葡萄酒蒸馏废水的厌氧移动床生物膜反应器中投加微量营养物质的试验,得出利用微量营养物质调控厌氧消化过程在技术上是可行的。Fe、Ni、Co组合不仅能加快挥发性有机酸(VFA),特别是丙酸的降解速率,进而提高厌氧反应器的溶解COD去除率,同时,还有利于厌氧反应器有机负荷的快速提升和较强pH缓冲能力的形成。B族维生素对厌氧移动床生物膜反应器运行效果影响不大。Fe对厌氧移动床生物膜反应器运行有一定影响,但效果也不十分明显。     

Comparison of UV-based advanced oxidation processes for the removal of different fractions of NOM from drinking water

This study examined the effectiveness for degradation of hydrophobic (HPO), transphilic (TPI) and hydrophilic (HPI) fractions of natural organic matter (NOM) during UV/H₂O₂, UV/TiO₂ and UV/K₂S₂O₈ (UV/PS) advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The changing characteristics of NOM were evaluated by dissolved organic carbon (DOC), the specific UV absorbance (SUVA), trihalomethanes formation potential (THMFP), organic halogen adsorbable on activated carbon formation potential (AOXFP) and parallel factor analysis of excitation–emission matrices (PARAFAC-EEMs). In the three UV-based AOPs, HPI fraction with low molecular weight and aromaticity was more likely to degradate than HPO and TPI, and the removal efficiency of SUVA for HPO was much higher than TPI and HPI fraction. In terms of the specific THMFP of HPO, TPI and HPI, a reduction was achieved in the UV/H₂O₂ process, and the higest removal rate even reached to 83%. UV/TiO₂ and UV/PS processes can only decrease the specific THMFP of HPI. The specific AOXFP of HPO, TPI and HPI fractions were all able to be degraded by the three UV-based AOPs, and HPO content is more susceptible to decompose than TPI and HPI content. UV/H₂O₂ was found to be the most effective treatment for the removal of THMFP and AOXFP under given conditions. C1 (microbial or marine derived humic-like substances), C2 (terrestrially derived humic-like substances) and C3 (tryptophan-like proteins) fluorescent components of HPO fraction were fairly labile across the UV-based AOPs treatment. C3 of each fraction of NOM was the most resistant to degrade upon the UV-based AOPs. Results from this study may provide the prediction about the consequence of UV-based AOPs for the degradation of different fractions of NOM with varied characteristics.     

非溶解态胡敏酸对土壤中硬碳有机质解吸多环芳烃的影响

土壤有机碳是控制土壤中多环芳烃的吸附解吸及其生物有效性的主要因素之一,土壤中硬碳类吸附剂是土壤有机碳中的重要部分,土壤中软碳类物质和硬碳类物质的相互作用对研究土壤中多环芳烃的解吸行为和生物有效性有重要影响。研究将溶解有机质胡敏酸,通过条件的变化使其转变为非溶解态,研究其对土壤碳质吸附剂(胡敏素和黑碳)吸附多环芳烃的解吸行为的影响。研究结果表明:非溶解态胡敏酸会显著降低土壤硬碳类物质中多环芳烃的解吸能力,解吸滞后性增加,作者认为非溶解态胡敏酸的添加会覆盖土壤硬碳类物质的表面吸附位点和填充吸附多环芳烃的孔隙,造成硬碳类有机质中的多环芳烃解吸能力下降,滞后性增强。研究还发现硬碳类有机质的比表面积和孔隙度和解吸能力的变化强度呈正相关关系。     

新型绿色化学反应介质的研究进展

综述了绿色化学在反应介质方面的研究进展。新型的有机合成反应介质主要包括离子液体、超临界流体、水溶剂及微波无溶剂技术。这些新型反应介质不仅可以取代传统的挥发性有毒有害有机溶剂,同时还可提高反应的活性和选择性,加速反应的进行,且有利于催化剂的回收利用及产品的分离。新型绿色化学反应介质是实现有机合成绿色化的重要途径。     

全国土壤侵蚀量估算及其在吸附态氮磷流失量匡算中的应用

应用土壤流失方程(USLE),根据我国土壤水力侵蚀分类分级标准,建立了大尺度区域土壤侵蚀量的估算模型;基于GIS技术平台,利用土壤普查数据,构建了全国表层土壤氮磷含量数据库,完成了2000年全国境内水土流失影响下吸附态氮磷的流失量估算.经数据合理性分析验证后得出以下结论:(1)全国因水土流失引发的吸附态氮素和磷素的流失总量分别达到104.22×104t和34.65×104t;(2)长江、珠江和黄河三大流域的吸附态氮、磷流失量之和分别占全国总量的83%和89%,单位面积(1km2)吸附态氮、磷的流失量分别介于6.0×10-4～0.53t和2.1×10-4～0.13t之间;(3)吸附态氮的重点流失区主要分布在长江中上游水土易蚀区、黄河中游沟壑区、西辽河上游区、珠江流域红水河、西江等上游区以及怒江、澜沧江下游区.     

北京市公园土壤铜、铅含量及化学形态分布特征

对北京市的12个公园进行表层、深层土壤样品的重金属Cu、Pb含量分析,并对其中10个公园的表层、深层土壤样品进行Cu、Pb的化学形态分析。研究结果表明:北京市部分公园的深层土壤已在某种程度上受到人为扰动,大多数公园表层土壤中存在着一定的Cu、Pb含量积累现象,总体上市区公园比郊区公园明显。公园表层、深层土壤中Cu形态分布的总体规律均为残渣晶格态>有机结合态>铁锰氧化物结合态>碳酸盐结合态>可交换态,表层、深层土壤中Pb形态分布的总体规律均为残渣晶格态>铁锰氧化物结合态>有机结合态>碳酸盐结合态>可交换态,但表层土壤中活性态Cu、Pb的平均比例较深层土壤均有所上升,部分市区公园表层土壤中Cu、Pb的含量较高且活性态比例较大,具有一定的释放潜力和生物有效性。     

Promotional effect of cobalt doping on catalytic performance of cryptomelane-type manganese oxide in toluene oxidation

The cryptomelane-type manganese oxide (OMS-2)-supported Co (xCo/OMS-2; x = 5, 10, and 15 wt.%) catalysts were prepared via a pre-incorporation route. The as-prepared materials were used as catalysts for catalytic oxidation of toluene (2000 ppmV). Physical and chemical properties of the catalysts were measured using the X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopic (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) techniques. Among all of the catalysts, 10Co/OMS-2 performed the best, with the T_90%, specific reaction rate at 245°C, and turnover frequency at 245°C (TOF_Co) being 245°C, 1.23 × 10⁻³ mol_toluene/(g_cat·sec), and 11.58 × 10⁻³ sec⁻¹ for toluene oxidation at a space velocity of 60,000 mL/(g·hr), respectively. The excellent catalytic performance of 10Co/OMS-2 were due to more oxygen vacancies, enhanced redox ability and oxygen mobility, and strong synergistic effect between Co species and OMS-2 support. Moreover, in the presence of poisoning gases CO₂, SO₂ or NH₃, the activity of 10Co/OMS-2 decreased for the carbonate, sulfate and ammonia species covered the active sites and oxygen vacancies, respectively. After the activation treatment, the catalytic activity was partly recovered. The good low-temperature reducibility of 10Co/OMS-2 could also facilitate the redox process accompanied by the consecutive electron transfer between the adsorbed O₂ and the cobalt or manganese ions. In the oxidation process of toluene, the benzoic and aldehydic intermediates were first generated, which were further oxidized to the benzoate intermediate that were eventually converted into H₂O and CO₂.     

大孔强碱阴树脂去除饮用水中微量有机物

比较了大孔强碱阴树脂和颗粒活性炭在饮用水的深度处理中对有机物的去除效果。结果表明：(1)大孔强碱阴树脂的吸附容量比颗粒活性炭的大。在pH为8时,大孔强碱阴树脂对TOC的去除率最高。pH6～8时,对TOC的去除率没有明显的区别,而颗粒活性炭在pH为2时。对TOC的去除率最高;水温低能提高2种吸附材料的吸附容量。(2)在动态实验条件下。当流速相同,大孔强碱阴树脂的穿透时间明显比颗粒活性炭的长,大孔强碱阴树脂的制水量约是吸附床的10000倍。而颗粒活性炭却只有吸附床的4000倍。在饮用水的深度处理中,大孔强碱阴树脂可作为活性炭的最佳替代品。     

Adsorption and correlation with their thermodynamic properties of triazine herbicides on soils

IntroductionAdsorptionofherbicidesonsoilfromwaterisanimportantfactoraffectingtheirfate,biologicalactivity,andpersistenceinsoil watersystem .Itisoftenaffectedbyseveralpropertiesofsoil.Betterunderstandingofadsorptionanditsaffectingfactorswillmakeitpossibletoadjusttheherbicidedosageaccordingtosoilproperties,thusreducingtheenvironmentalpollutionofherbicidesintheenvironment.Fig .1　StructuresofthreetriazineherbicidesAmongthepost emergentherbicides,triazineherbicidesaremostcommonlyusedworldwideonco…