用质量作用模型描述重金属离子在土壤中的吸附特点

根据表面化学反应平衡原理，推导出了一个描述液－固吸附的质量作用模型：ｑ＝ｎ·Ｋα·Ｍ·Ｃ＾ｎ／１＋ＫａＣ＾ｎ。上式兼有Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ、Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ方程的特性。Ｋａ是吸附反应的平衡常数；ｎ与覆盖一个表面活性点位的吸附质分子或离子数有关，可用于判断反应机理，并在一定程度上可表示反应的强度；Ｍ则是吸附剂表面的活性点位的总数；吸附容量由Ｍ和ｎ共同决定。将该模型应用于土壤体系，上述参数较好地解释了     

Uncertainty in Agricultural CH<Subscript>4</Subscript> AND N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O Emissions from Finland – Possibilities to Increase Accuracy in Emission Estimates

According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol under it, industrial countries have to estimate their greenhouse gas emissions annually, and assess the uncertainties in these estimates. In Finland, agricultural methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N_2O) emissions represent 7% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, and globally the share is much higher. Agriculture is one of the most uncertain emission categories (representing over 20% of greenhouse gas inventory uncertainty in Finland), due to both high natural variability of the emission sources and poor knowledge of the emission-generating processes. In this paper, we present an uncertainty estimate of agricultural CH₄ and N₂O emissions from Finland in 2002. Uncertainties were estimated based on measurement data, literature and expert judgement, and total uncertainty in agriculture was calculated using Monte Carlo simulation. According to the calculations, agricultural CH₄ and N₂O emissions from Finland were 3.7 to 7.8 Tg carbon dioxide (CO₂) equivalents, 5.4 Tg being the mean value.Estimates of CH₄ emissions are more reliable than those of N₂O. N₂O from agricultural soils was the most uncertain emission category, and the uncertainty was not reduced by using available national measurement data of N₂O fluxes. Sensitivity study revealed that the uncertainty in total agricultural inventory could be 7% points lower, if more accurate emission estimation methods were used, including 1) improved data collection in area estimates of organic soils, 2) climate-specific methods for N₂O from agricultural soils as already presented in literature, and 3) more detailed CH₄ estimation methods for enteric fermentation which can be achieved by investigating national circumstances and digestible systems of animals in more detail.     

Assessment of labile phosphorus fractions and adsorption characteristics in relation to soil properties of West African savanna soils

A large proportion of total P in the soils of the area is unavailable to plants and consequently P is the second most limiting nutrient. The labile and moderately labile phosphorus fractions and adsorption characteristics of surface and subsurface horizons of eleven soil profiles in the derived savanna (DS) and the northern Guinea savanna (NGS) of West Africa were assessed. The labile P fractions are the resin and HCO₃-extractable inorganic (Pi) and organic (Po) P. The moderately labile fractions are the NaOH-extractable portion of soil P in the Hedley sequential procedure. In the DS soils, the resin P, considered the most readily available fraction, varied from 1 to 14 mg kg⁻¹, HCO₃-Pi ranged from 3.3 to 11, and HCO₃-PO was between 4 and 12 mg kg⁻¹ in the surface horizon. In the NGS, the topsoil contained 1.5–3 mg kg⁻¹ of resin P, 5–8 mg kg⁻¹ of HCO₃-Pi, and 7.5–9.7 mg kg⁻¹ of HCO₃-Po. Sodium hydroxide-Po was the largest of the fractions in all the soils studied. It ranged from 23 to 55 mg kg⁻¹ in the topsoil. In general, the labile P levels were higher in soils of the DS than of the NGS and were related to the oxalate-extractable Fe (Fe_ox), and Al (Al_ox) as well as to soil texture. The subsoil of Kasuwan Magani (profile KS 9–21 cm) required 153 mg P kg⁻¹ to maintain 0.2 mg P l⁻¹ in solution (standard P requirement), and Danayamaka (profile DD 7–32 cm) required 145 mg P kg⁻¹. These could translate to 214 and 200 kg P ha⁻¹ if a plow layer of 10 cm is assumed. Because these are within the plow layer, more P fertilizer would be needed for crop production than in the other soils. The standard P requirement and the adsorption maxima were related to Fe_ox and Al_ox, dithionite-Fe (Fe_d), and texture. The increase in labile P content with decreasing Fe_ox and Al_ox could imply that management practices capable of reducing the activities of Fe and Al in solution might improve P availability.     

北京东郊污灌区表层土壤微量元素的小尺度空间结构特征

岩溶山区表土中＾７Ｂｅ、＾１３７Ｃｓ、＾２２６Ｒａ和＾２２８Ｒａ地球化学相分配的实验研究表明，４种核素绝大部分存在于Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ氧化物，有机质及残渣相中。它们在表土的迁移过程中具微粒迁移性，能较好地随土粒般运，可作为土粒侵蚀或沉积的示踪剂。     

太湖地区水稻土颗粒中重金属元素的分布及其对环境变化的响应

采用原状土样分离技术，研究了太湖地区几种主要水稻土示同颗粒中重金属元素Pb、Cr、Cd的分布，结果表明这些元素在不同粒径的土壤颗粒中分配迥异，重金属含量在＞0．25mm的粗颗粒和＜0．002mm的细颗粒中较高，且与土壤有机碳有密切的关系；重金属元素主要积累于＞0．25mm的粗颗粒中，Cd的粗颗粒积累比Pb、Cr更强烈，耕层土壤重金属的颗粒分配因土壤种类不同而异，并响应于土壤环境变化，提出以分馏系数表示重金属在土壤颗粒的分配特点。     

南极法尔兹半岛植被土壤CH_4通量特征

应用密闭箱法首次测定了南极法尔兹半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤CH4 排放通量 ,并估算了该半岛植被土壤在夏季 2个月内CH4 的排放总量 .结果表明 :在晴好天气条件下 ,苔藓土壤CH4 排放通量可能呈现双峰型变化特征 ;而在雨、雪等复杂多变的天气条件下 ,CH4 通量变化无规则 ,存在较大的时空变化 ,且与温度的响应关系不明显 ;苔藓土壤CH4 通量夏季变化的主要影响因子是温度 ,同时还受降水的影响 .苔藓土壤吸收CH4 总量为 0 6 6 5 3× 10 2 kg ;地衣土壤吸收CH4 总量为 0 76 0 3×10 2 kg .由此可见 ,该半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤起着大气CH4 汇的作用     

水稻土施用城市污泥盆栽通菜土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的残留

应用GC/MS联机检测技术对水稻土施用城市污泥盆栽通菜(Ipomoea aquatic)后土壤中6种邻苯二甲酸酯化合物(PAEs)进行分析.结果表明,盆载通菜土壤中6种PAEs的总含量(∑PAEs)在7.667-40.025 mg/kg之间,平均为26.137 mg/kg,其高低次序为佛山污泥>广州污泥>佛山污泥加化肥>广州污泥+化肥>空白>化肥.与空白对照相比,施用污泥和污泥+化肥处理的土壤中∑PAEs含量显著提高,但单施化肥的土壤中∑PAEs含量降低.不同处理土壤中的PAEs化合物是以一种或两种化合物为主,主要是DnBP和/或DEHP,显示了不同的PAEs分布特征.     

中国几种土壤中的有机态硒及其分布特征

采用0.1mol/L NaOH-0.1mol/L Na_4P_2O_7浸提,活性碳分离技术研究了中国湿润半湿润地区几种土壤中有机态硒的化学特征.供试土壤有机态硒占全硒含量的百分数变幅为3.46％—59.86％,平均28.42％.影响有机硒含量的主要因素有全硒含量(r=0.8033)、有机碳含量(r=0.6618)、土壤交换性酸(r=0.6136)和pH(r=-0.5248)。土壤有机质的C/Se为0.58×10~6-42.93×10~6,平均为6.38×10~6.低硒环境土壤有机质的C/Se显著高于正常硒含量土壤.以平均计,胡敏酸结合态硒约占有机态硒的34％,富啡酸结合态硒占66％.缺硒土壤有机态硒中,胡敏酸结合态硒的比例一般都较高.     

Selenium Distribution in Topsoils and Plants of a Semi-arid Mediterranean Environment

Selenium was determined from 25 topsoils and 25 plants in the semi-arid Central Spain where large extents of soils are developed on evaporitic materials. Some species of vegetation associated with them are of the genera Astragalus, Salsola, Mercurialis, Phlomis, Thymus and Atriplex. Total selenium in soils was determined and its bioavailability assessed by chemical sequential fractionation. Se content in soils was adequate (in the range 0.17–0.39 mg kg⁻¹) or large (in the range 0.50–4.38 mg kg⁻¹) and appeared in highly and/or potentially available forms. Several plant species showed high Se levels (in the range 5–14.3 mg kg⁻¹), which can be a potential risk of toxicity to animals. Data obtained from the study area can be used as a guide to the range of values in soils and plants of the European Mediterranean area that are relatively unpolluted from industrial sources, allowing comparison with more polluted areas.     

土壤与沉积物对多环芳烃类有机物的吸附作用

吸附作用是疏水性有机物在土壤和沉积物环境中的重要迁移转化行为之一。多环芳烃是环境中一种重要的疏水性有机污染物。文章着重阐述了多环芳烃类有机物在土壤和沉积物中有机质和粘土矿物吸附机理，指出土壤、沉积物有机质的结构异质性是导致非线形吸附的重要原因；分析了影响多环芳烃吸附过程的诸多因素，并提出该研究领域存在的问题以及今后发展的方向。