汞污染土壤植物修复研究现状与展望

土壤汞污染及其治理是当前汞环境地球化学研究的核心内容之一。与传统物理和化学修复技术相比,植物修复技术对环境扰动小,修复成本低,是目前汞污染土壤修复领域的主要热点方向。本文主要从汞污染土壤植物修复原理和应用两方面入手,总结了土壤汞污染特点、植物修复技术原理及过程、修复植物与潜在修复植物种类、植物修复强化措施。针对现有研究的不足,对植物修复汞污染土壤的研究方向和发展趋势进行展望,以期为汞污染土壤植物修复技术应用与发展提供科学参考。     

三峡库区澎溪河流域消落带土壤有机磷生物有效性研究

选取了澎溪河流域六个点位消落带土壤和岸边土壤,以NaOH-EDTA提取土壤中有机磷,并采用酶水解技术表征有机磷生物有效性。结果表明：①消落带土壤NaOH-EDTA提取液中总磷含量为74.55～140.54 mg/kg,无机磷含量为49.91～104.23 mg/kg,有机磷含量为14.61～36.31 mg/kg。消落带土壤有机磷含量低于岸边土壤。②消落带土壤有机磷中总可酶解有机磷（EHP）含量均值为6.23 mg/kg,占土壤有机磷含量的26.7%。消落带土壤EHP含量与有机磷含量呈极显著正相关（n=6,p<0.01）。③消落带土壤EHP含量、活性单酯磷含量与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关（n=6,p<0.01）,土壤有机质含量是影响有机磷生物有效性的重要因素。④消落带土壤与岸边土壤EHP组分特征相同,含量由高到低依次为类植酸磷、活性单酯磷、二酯磷,但消落带土壤EHP含量显著低于岸边土壤。周期性的干湿交替会造成消落带土壤有机磷向库区水体释放,消落带土壤有机磷地球化学循环对库区水体的潜在影响不容忽视。     

贵阳市某蔬菜地养殖废水污灌土壤重金属、抗生素复合污染研究

养殖废水灌溉农田易造成重金属、抗生素复合污染,从而引发环境健康风险.对贵阳市乌当区长期污灌蔬菜地土壤进行调查研究,探究长期污灌条件下土壤重金属、抗生素复合污染状况.同时,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对Zn、Cd、Pb、As和Cr含量进行测定,采用超声波提取,固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析的方法对抗生素进行测定.结果表明,与对照组比较,污灌土壤Cd呈积累趋势,Zn、Pb、As含量降低,Cr含量变化不大.Zn、Cd、Pb、As和Cr的污染指数分别为0.59、2.20、0.21、0.86、0.27,Cd达到中度污染水平.污灌土壤Cd、Pb以可还原态为主,Zn、As、Cr以残渣态为主,与对照相比,污灌土壤可还原态重金属普遍升高,其中,可还原态Cd从5.56%增加至57.2%,可还原态Pb从34.5%增加至52.3%.污灌土壤中四环素类、磺胺类和喹诺酮类抗生素含量明显增加,总量范围分别为0.14~15.8、0.26~8.03、0.31~32.8μg·kg~(-1),未污灌对照土壤的四环素类、磺胺类未检出,喹诺酮类含量为0.77~1.13μg·kg~(-1).相关分析结果显示,重金属Pb和Zn与3类抗生素呈正相关关系,存在复合污染现象,而Cd、As和Cr与抗生素之间没有显著的相关关系.     

Characteristics of biomass ashes from different materials and their ameliorative effects on acid soils

The chemical characteristics, element contents, mineral compositions, and the ameliorative effects on acid soils of five biomass ashes from different materials were analyzed. The chemical properties of the ashes varied depending on the source biomass material. An increase in the concrete shuttering contents in the biomass materials led to higher alkalinity, and higher Ca and Mg levels in biomass ashes, which made them particularly good at ameliorating effects on soil acidity. However, heavy metal contents, such as Cr, Cu, and Zn in the ashes, were relatively high. The incorporation of all ashes increased soil pH, exchangeable base cations, and available phosphorus, but decreased soil exchangeable acidity. The application of the ashes from biomass materials with a high concrete shuttering content increased the soil available heavy metal contents. Therefore, the biomass ashes from wood and crop residues with low concrete contents were the better acid soil amendments.     

准东煤炭产业区周边土壤重金属污染与健康风险的空间分布特征

以新疆准东煤炭产业区周边土壤重金属为研究对象,土壤按照0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm分层取样,共采集156个土壤样品,测定了Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Hg和As共6种重金属含量,采用污染负荷指数（PLI）和美国环保署的健康风险模型评价了不同土壤深度重金属污染程度和对人体的健康风险,进一步利用多元统计分析、地统计分析和GIS技术研究了评价结果的差异显著性、空间变异结构和分布格局,并利用交叉验证方法检验了预测精度. 结果表明,Zn、Cu、Pb的含量范围为46.06~48.00、18.37~19.271、11.30~13.29 mg·kg^-1,与新疆背景值相比均未超标;Cr、Hg、As的含量范围为80.29~85.42、0.06~0.07、30.64~31.52 mg·kg^-1,与新疆背景值相比均超标,且超标率为60%以上;研究区土壤污染负荷（PLI）大小顺序为PLI_{0~10 cm}（1.35）> PLI_{20~30 cm}（1.28）> PLI_{10~20 cm}（1.25）,属于轻度污染;非致癌风险（HI）大小顺序为HI_{0~10 cm}（2.53E-01））> HI_{20~30 cm}（2.48E-01）> HI_{10~20 cm}（2.43E-01）,不存在非致癌健康风险;致癌风险（TCR）大小顺序为TCR_{0~10 cm}（2.81E-05）> TCR_{20~30 cm}（2.80E-05）> TCR_{10~20 cm}（2.74E-05）,存在可接受的致癌风险;方差分析得出不同土壤深度PLI、HI和TCR显著性水平分别为0.863、0.134、0.056,表明差异不显著;地统计分析表明,0~10 cm土壤深度Zn、Cu和As含量高值区位于产业区附近及其北部,Pb含量高值区组合成明显的“V”形高值带,Hg含量高值区位于中南部,Cr含量高值区以各产业区为中心向四周辐射状递减;PLI、HI和TCR高值区均位于研究区西北和东北方向,PLI随土壤深度增加中度污染区域逐渐减小,HI和TCR随深度增加高值区面积无明显变化. 总之,人口聚集的6个产业区附近及北部为重金属污染程度和人体健康风险高值区,特别是Cr、Hg、As污染程度较严重,As对人体健康风险贡献率最大,应当引起重视.     

外源Cr(Ⅲ)在我国22种典型土壤中的老化特征及关键影响因子研究

老化过程对土壤重金属有效性和毒性起着关键性作用.由于我国土壤类型的复杂性,目前对于我国土壤中铬(Cr)的老化过程、转变速率及影响Cr在土壤中老化的关键因子仍然不清楚.本研究选取了全国22种典型土壤,使用0.01 mol.L-1CaCl2作为有效态提取剂,研究我国典型土壤中外源Cr(Ⅲ)的老化过程及影响因子,为准确评价重金属污染的生态环境风险提供科学依据.结果表明,有效态Cr含量随时间先是快速下降,然后缓慢持续降低.在培养期间的前21 d下降速率快,而以后则变化比较缓慢.Elovich方程可以有效拟合有效态Cr在我国22种典型土壤中转化的动力学过程,方程的斜率参数可以作为Cr在土壤中老化速率的表征参数,并用它来比较不同土壤中Cr的老化速率快慢.老化速率与土壤性质的逐步回归分析结果表明,土壤性质中对老化速率影响最大的是有机质,其次是pH和活性氧化铁.     

粤东凤凰山茶区土壤氟化学形态特征及其影响因素

采用连续化学提取法对粤东凤凰山茶区12个较大型茶园共60份土壤样品氟的5种化学形态分布进行研究.结果发现,土壤中氟的5种化学形态分布的规律为残余态〉〉铁锰结合态〉有机态〉水溶态〉可交换态.水溶态氟含量与可交换态氟含量、残余态氟含量及总氟含量呈显著正相关性,而铁锰结合态含量与有机束缚态之间呈显著正相关性,残余态与总氟之间...     

绵阳市代表性点位土壤多环芳烃剖面分布特征

通过挑选绵阳市有代表性的点位土壤柱，应用GC MS分析土壤柱垂直剖面中多环芳烃的含量水平，得出其垂直剖面分布特征。结果表明：5~20 cm深度中的PAHs含量最高，40 cm以下则含量锐减。由于表层（0～5 cm）土壤与大气之间的土气交换频繁，PAHs含量相对较低，而5~20 cm处土壤受到表层土壤的遮盖，PAHs富集较高，含量达到整个土壤柱最高值。多环芳烃总体垂直剖面分布特征表现出随深度增加含量减少的趋势。PAHs总含量以江油市点位(33024 ng/g)最高，其次是三台县点位(29989 ng/g)，最低是游仙区点位(11274 ng/g)。研究区主要污染物为Nap、Phe和Chr/y。其中不同的土质、种植物都能影响PAHs的富集和迁移速率，导致含量在不同深度上产生变化。此外，参照有关环境质量标准，发现PAHs总量上江油市点位与三台县点位属于轻微污染、游仙区点位则属于无污染。     

Prospects for Conserving and Restoring the Properties and Ecological Functions of Arable Soils

Changes in the properties and ecological functions of soils under the effect of farming are considered. Evidence is provided that optimization of the structure of land inventory with regard to environmental conditions in a concrete region is a promising approach to the conservation and restoration of disturbed and degraded soils. A classification of soils with respect to their arability is proposed as a theoretical basis for reorganizing agricultural land use.     

Does the preferential microbial colonisation of ferromagnesian minerals affect mineral weathering in soil?

Fungal activity is thought to play a direct and effective role in the breakdown and dissolution of primary minerals and in the synthesis of clay minerals in soil environments, with important consequences for plant growth and ecosystem functioning. We have studied primary mineral weathering in volcanic soils developed on trachydacite in southern Tuscany using a combination of qualitative and quantitative mineralogical and microbiological techniques. Specifically, we characterized the weathering and microbiological colonization of the magnetically separated ferromagnesian minerals (biotite and orthopyroxene) and non-ferromagnesian constituents (K-feldspar and volcanic glass) of the coarse sand fraction (250-1,000 microm). Our results show that in the basal horizons of the soils, the ferromagnesian minerals are much more intensively colonized by microorganisms than K-feldspar and glass, but that the composition of the microbial communities living on the two mineral fractions is similar. Moreover, X-ray diffraction, optical and scanning electron microscope observations show that although the ferromagnesian minerals are preferentially associated with an embryonic form of the clay mineral halloysite, they are still relatively fresh. We interpret our results as indicating that in this instance microbial activity, and particularly fungal activity, has not been an effective agent of mineral weathering, that the association with clay minerals is indirect, and that fungal weathering of primary minerals may not be as important a source of plant nutrients as previously claimed.