Assessment and mapping of environmental quality in agricultural soils of Zhejiang Province, China

Heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soils of Zhejiang Province were monitored to indicate the status of heavy metal contamination and assess environmental quality of agricultural soils. A total of 908 soil samples were collected from 38 counties in Zbejiang Province and eight heavy metal （Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn, Ni and As） concentrations had been evaluated in agricultural soil. It was found 775 samples were unpolluted and 133 samples were slightly polluted and more respectively, that is approximately 14.65% agricultural soil samples had the heavy metal concentration above the threshold level in this province by means of Nemerow＇s synthetical pollution index method according to the second grade of Standards for Soil Environmental Quality of China （GB15618- 1995）. Contamination of Cd was the highest, followed by Ni, As and Zn were lower correspondingly. Moreover, Inverse Distance Weighted （IDW） interpolation method was used to make an assessment map of soil environmental quality based on the Nemerow＇s pollution index and the soil environmental quality was categorized into five grades. Moreover, ten indices were calculated as input parameters for principal component analysis （PCA） and the principal components （PCs） were created to compare environmental quality of different soils and regions. The results revealed that environmental quality of tea soils was better than that of paddy soils, vegetable soils and fruit soils. This study indicated that GIS combined with multivariate statistical approaches proved to be effective and powerful tool in the mapping of soil contamination distribution and the assessment of soil environmental quality on provincial scale, which is beneficial to environmental protection and management decision-making by local government.     

淮南潘一矿塌陷水域沉积物中磷的赋存和迁移转化特征

采用改进的Pesnner分级提取方法,选取淮南潘一矿杨庄塌陷水域为研究对象,对其沉积物磷的剖面赋存形态进行分析,并结合磷的形态组成、有机质(OM)、总氮(TN)和铁锰氧化物等分布特征,研究了塌陷水域沉积物中磷的迁移转化特征.结果表明,在淹水农业耕作层上,湖泊沉积相累积明显,自表层而下,各形态磷含量均呈逐渐减少的趋势,总磷(TP)在各层次均值为204.9~343.7mg/kg,其中以无机磷(IP)为主,其含量为163.9~257.2mg/kg,占TP比例达73.3%~81.5%.NaOH-P(85.0~100.1mg/kg,28.6%~41.3%)和HCl-P (63.6~95.9mg/kg,27.4%~30.9%)所占比例较大.根据相关性结果分析,部分HCl-P和有机磷(OP)有向NaOH-P转化的趋势.     

玉门矿区污染黄土中原油的解吸研究

用振荡平衡法研究了玉门矿区原油污染黄土中原油的解吸行为，测得了解吸常数，绘出了解吸等温线。结果表明，Freundlich方程可较好地描述黄土中原油的解吸状况；黄土中原油的解吸行为受温度、溶液pH值和表面活性剂的影响；温度和pH值越高，原油解吸量越大；阴离子表面活性剂的加入有助于原油的解吸，在相同条件下使解吸率提高了5倍，阳离子和非离子表面活性剂的加入不利于原油解吸，但是阳离子表面活性剂的加入有利于原油在土壤中的截留以及回收再利用。本研究为修复玉门原油污染黄土提供了理论依据。     

太湖地区水稻土颗粒中重金属元素的分布及其对环境变化的响应

采用原状土样分离技术，研究了太湖地区几种主要水稻土示同颗粒中重金属元素Pb、Cr、Cd的分布，结果表明这些元素在不同粒径的土壤颗粒中分配迥异，重金属含量在＞0．25mm的粗颗粒和＜0．002mm的细颗粒中较高，且与土壤有机碳有密切的关系；重金属元素主要积累于＞0．25mm的粗颗粒中，Cd的粗颗粒积累比Pb、Cr更强烈，耕层土壤重金属的颗粒分配因土壤种类不同而异，并响应于土壤环境变化，提出以分馏系数表示重金属在土壤颗粒的分配特点。     

Bacterial diversity in soils around a lead and zinc mine

Five samples of soil collected from a lead and zinc mine were used to assess the effect of combined contamination of heavy metals on soil bacterial communities using a polyphasic approach including characterization of isolates by culture method, community level catabolic profiling in BIOLOG GN microplates, and genetic community fingerprinting by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rDNA fragments amplified by PCR from community DNA （PCR-DGGE）. The structure of the bacterial community was affected to a certain extent by heavy metals. The PCR-DGGE analysis of 16S rRNA genes showed that there were significant differences in the structure of the microbial community among the soil samples, which were related to the contamination levels. The number of bacteria and the number of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） bands in the soils increased with increasing distance from the lead and zinc mine tailing, whereas the concentration of lead （Pb） and cadmium （Cd） was decreased. Heavily polluted soils could be characterized by a community that differs from those of lightly polluted soils in richness and structure of dominating bacterial populations. The clustering analysis of the DGGE profiles showed that the bacteria in all the five samples of soil belonged to three clusters. The data from the BIOLOG analysis also showed the same result. This study showed that heavy metal contamination decreased both the biomass and diversity of the bacterial community in soil.     

中国粮食主产区耕地土壤重金属时空变化与污染源分析

土壤重金属污染威胁着农田生态系统安全和人类健康.基于2000年以来中国五大粮食主产区3 006个耕地样点的土壤重金属实测数据和20世纪80年代的土壤重金属历史数据,采用单因子指数法评估了粮食主产区耕地土壤重金属的污染现状和变化趋势,并基于地累积指数,结合区位环境污染探讨了其污染来源.结果表明,中国粮食主产区耕地土壤重金属点位超标率为21.49%,整体以轻度污染为主,其中轻度、中度和重度污染比重分别13.97%、2.50%和5.02%.四川盆地、长江中游及江淮地区、黄淮海平原、松嫩平原和三江平原的耕地点位超标率分别为43.55%、30.64%、12.22%、9.35%和1.67%,南方耕地污染重于北方.主要污染物为Cd、Ni、Cu、Zn、Hg,超标率分别为17.39%、8.41%、4.04%、2.84%、2.56%.自20世纪80年代以来,耕地土壤重金属含量呈增加趋势,整体上点位超标率增加了14.91%,其中Cd、Ni、Cu、Zn和Hg的污染比重分别增加了16.07%、4.56%、3.68%、2.24%和1.96%.除三江平原外,其他4个粮食主产区耕地土壤重金属点位超标比重增加趋势显著,且南方地区的Cd、Ni和Cu重金属超标比重变化量高于北方,而Hg和Cr增速低于北方.Cd、Hg以人为污染源为主,其他6种重金属以自然污染源为主,但Pb、Zn和Cu约有20.00%的点位受人为活动的影响.矿业、工业、污灌水是主要的污染源,除污灌水来源北方重于南方外,其余污染来源均是南方污染重于北方,污染物种类也多于北方.     

大清河流域表层土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源分析

采集大清河流域72个表层七壤(0～20cm)样品,利用GC/MS分析技术,研究了土壤中16种优控多环芳烃的含量和组分特征,根据多环芳烃分布特征和苯并[a]蒽/(苯并[a]蒽+麓)和荧葸/(荧蒽+芘)比值分析了其污染来源,并初步评价了其污染水平.结果表明,表层土壤中16种多环芳烃含量范围为54.2-3231.6μg·kg-1,均值和中位数分别为405.1和233.2μg·kg-1.多环芳烃组分特征表现出以萘、菲等2-3环多环芳烃为主,其含量占到总含量的49%,4环和5～6环含量分别为31%和20%.大清河流域土壤多环芳烃污染主要来自于燃烧源,并表现出以生物质和煤的燃烧为主要来源的特征.相对于国内外其它地区多环芳烃检测结果和土壤标准,大清河流域土壤多环芳烃处于中等偏低污染水平,Nap和Fla是主要的超标化合物.     

Effect of organic matter and pH on mercury release from soils

An investigation was conducted on the effect of organic matter(OM)and pH on mercury(Hg)release from soils.Hg release flux was measured using the dynamic flux chamber(DFC)combined with the Lumex multifunctional mercury analyzer in both laboratory experiment and field monitoring.The results showed that Hg emission from the OM-added soils was apparently low because of the high affinity of OM to Hg,resulting in the reverse order as the amount of OM addition.Meanwhile,Hg release flux from different pH value soils exhibited the same trend for both Hg~(2 )and Hg_2~(2 )treatment,increasing the Hg flux with pH value of soils increasing.The trend of Hg release in the pH dependence experiment has been well in agreement with that from the field test.In addition,Hg release seemed to be related to its species in the soil,the flux from Hg~(2 )-added soil was obviously higher than that of Hg_2~(2 )-added soil by the laboratory experiment.     

Fractionation and solubility of cadmium in paddy soils amended with porous hydrated calcium silicate

Previous studies have shown that porous hydrated calcium silicate （PS） is very effective in decreasing cadmium （Cd） content in brown rice. However, it is unclear whether the PS influences cadmium transformation in soil. The present study examined the effect of PS on pH, cadmium transformation and cadmium solubility in Andosol and Alluvial soil, and also compared its effects with CaCO3, acidic porous hydrated calcium silicate （APS） and silica gel. Soil cadmium was operationally fractionationed into exchangeable （Exch）, bound to carbonates （Carb）, bound to iron and manganese oxides （FeMnOx）, bound to organic matters （OM） and residual （Res） fraction. Application of PS and CaCO3 at hig rates enhanced soil pH, while APS and silica gel did not obviously change soil pH. PS and CaCO3 also increased the FeMnOx-Cd in Andosol and Carb-Cd in Alluvial soil, thus reducing the Exch-Cd in the tested soils. However, PS was less effective than CaCO3 at the same application rate. Cadmium fractions in the two soils were not changed by the treatments of APS and silica gel. There were no obvious differences in the solubility of cadmium in soils treated with PS, APS, silica gel and CaCO3 except Andosol treated 2.0% CaCO3 at the same pH of soil-CaC12 suspensions. These findings suggested that the decrease of cadmium availability in soil was mainly attributed to the increase of soil pH caused by PS.     

不同螯合剂处理下杨树对土壤中Cd的吸收和富集效应

通过盆栽试验,研究了分别投加1,3,9mmol/kg的EDTA、EGTA和柠檬酸(CA),新疆杨对干旱区污染土壤中Cd的吸收和富集特征.实验结果表明,投加螯合剂的处理土壤中水提态Cd的含量是对照的4.27~249.12倍,但杨树地上部的生物量和对照相比并未显著降低.投加螯合剂的处理显著提高了杨树叶部Cd的含量和积累量,其值分别是对照的1.05~2.90和1.42~2.77倍.综合来看,螯合剂的投加有效活化了土壤中的Cd和促进了Cd从杨树根部向其地上部的转移,3种螯合剂的作用效果表现为EGTA>EDTA>CA的顺序.