曙光油田节能减排现状调查及对策研究

曙光采油厂随着超稠油的不断开发,生产能耗也随之增加,通过开展节能减排及节能挖潜工作,全厂能耗增长状态得到了良好的控制,能耗总量由2005年的58.21×10~4t标煤下降到2008年的47.75×10~4t标煤;原油(气)液生产单位综合能耗为52.02 kg标煤/t,同期对比减少0.38 kg标煤/t;生产系统运行效率不断提高。文章详细介绍了曙光油田从机采系统、热注系统、集输系统等方面推广应用节能新技术、新产品,达到其投资和运行费用最少,经济性较好,对油田减排挖潜进行了探讨。     

地冲击荷载作用下双层结构磁流变阻尼器隔震效果的数值模拟

在抗爆结构中,一般采用单层隔震系统进行隔震,目前单层隔震系统的最大隔震率可以达到90%以上,但在加速度峰值很高的冲击荷载作用下,隔震后的结构响应加速度仍然很大。鉴于这种情况,本文对加入磁流变阻尼器(MRD)的双层隔震系统进行了研究。针对抗爆结构的两种典型荷载,采用改进Bouc-Wen模型和模糊控制方法,利用Matlab Simulink对双层隔震系统进行了数值模拟,计算了不同荷载作用下,不同隔震系统的加速度、位移及结构的振动剂量值(VDV)的响应,并与结构采用单层隔震系统的结果进行了对比。结果表明,与单层隔震系统相比,带有磁流变阻尼器的双层隔震系统没有太多的优越性。     

Which compounds contribute most to elevated airborne exposure and corresponding health risks in the Western Balkans?

A majority of ongoing monitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is currently focused on chemicals emphasized in the Stockholm Convention. Quantitative detection of other substances (especially those with numerous anthropogenic sources such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) is, however, also needed since their concentrations are usually several orders of magnitude higher. A goal of this study was to determine how various groups of compounds contribute to total human health risks at the variety of sampling sites in the region of Western Balkan. Distribution of the risks between the gas and particulate phases was also addressed. Results showed that inhalation exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) does not represent a significant risk to humans, while polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) re-volatilized to the atmosphere from contaminated soils and buildings can pose a problem. PCB evaporation from primary sources (currently used PCB-filled transformers or non-adequate storage facilities) generally resulted in much higher atmospheric concentrations than evaporation from the secondary sources (soils at the sites of war destructions). A majority of the human health risks at the urban sites were associated with PAHs. Between 83 and 94% of the cumulative risk at such sites was assigned to chemicals sorbed to particles, and out of it, PAHs were responsible for 99%.     

我国城乡环保一体化的制度建构:理念、原则与路径

近年来,我国"城市环境趋向好转,农村环境不断恶化"这种城乡环境二元趋势的凸现,提出了城乡环保一体化的客观要求."城市中心主义"环境法制以及我国农民实质自由的严重匮乏是我国产生城乡环境二元趋势的根本原因.一些地方所采取的仅仅局限于环保领域的城乡环保一体化措施,并不能从根本上扭转城乡环境二元趋势.城乡环保一体化实践需要以更为全面的制度建构为基础.城乡环保一体化的制度建构应树立理性、人本、自由等基本理念,应坚持整体推进、科学建构、多元参与等基本原则.城乡环保一体化的制度建构路径,首先是消除对农民的各种制度性歧视,实现城乡居民的权利平等;其次,在推动地方民主与法治建设,推进司法体制改革、建立司法审查制度的基础上,健全与完善农民权利实现的保障机制,保证农民的各项权利最终成为"可实际行使"的权利.最后,还要建立适应农村环境保护要求的环境法制.     

Technological Progress, Structural Change and China＇s Energy Efficiency

China has witnessed rapid economic development since 1978, and during the time, energy production and consumption developed at a tremendous speed as well. Energy efficiency which can be measured by energy consumption per unit of GDP, however, experienced continuous decrease. Theoretically, the change of energy efficiency can be attributed to industry structural change and technological change. In order to explain the transformation of Chinese energy efficiency, we adopt logarithmic mean Divisia index techniques to decompose changes in energy intensity in the period of 1994-2005. We find that technological change is the dominant contributor in the decline of energy intensity, but the contribution has declined since 2001. The change in industry structure has decreased the energy intensity before 1998, but raised the intensity after 1998. Decomposed technological effects for all sectors indicate that technological progresses in high energy consuming industries such as raw chemical materials and chemical products, smelting and pressing of ferrous metals, manufacture of non-metallic mineral products and household contribute are the principal drivers of China＇s declining energy intensity.     

Research on the Industrial Symbiosis Supporting System of Eco-industrial Park

The establishment and development of the industrial symbiosis of eco-industrial park are affected by several factors. Based on the formed industrial symbiosis supporting system chart, this article analyzes the microcosmic supporting system and macroscopic supporting system. In the microcosmic supporting system, it elaborates five aspects including key enterprises, service intermediaries in the park, symbiotic enterprises, competitors and the public in detail. Then it describes the macroscopic supporting system from four aspects of governmental participation, technological innovation, educational promotion and cultural support. Finally, combining with the current construction status of the ecoindustrial park in China, it proposes the countermeasures and suggestions to build the supporting system for the eco-industrial park and provides theoretical support for the faster and better construction of the eco-industrial park in China.     

Analysis of the Energy Embodied in Foreign Goods Trade of China

In recent years, scientists have been increasingly interested in the energy embodied in traded goods among countries. In this article, the direct energy intensities in various economic sectors of China were calculated with the data of energy consumption and output value of each sector, and the input-output table was used to estimate the external energy consumption. The total energy intensity of all sectors was then obtained. From the data of international trade, the energy embodied in goods trade of China was estimated for the period of 1994-2001. During this period, the average energy intensity of imported goods was always higher than that of exported ones. As a country with a surplus in international goods trade, China actually imported net embodied energy in the past few years. The net embodied energy imported was at the same magnitude of the imported energy in the form of fossil fuels.     

多源信息融合技术在内陆湖库水华预警中的研究进展与展望

面对水体富营养化愈来愈严重,水华爆发越来越频繁的严峻形式;为减少水华发生频率及由此造成的损失,开展水华预警已成当务之急。水华爆发是水体中营养盐的累积、气候条件与水力条件等众多因素非线性共同作用的产物;为此,有必要在众多水华影响因素的动态监测信息的融合基础上,寻求水华爆发与这些影响因素间的影射关系,这就需要信息融合技术。通过归纳总结多源信息融合技术在内陆湖库水华预警中应用的研究进展,结合目前我国水华预警的具体需求,提出建立基于多源信息融合技术的水华预警决策支持系统的研究前景与初步设想。信息融合技术为水华预警提供了一个良好的平台,它将与水华相关的不同信息源（水文、气象、水环境质量与环境遥感）所提供的局部不完整的观测信息加以集成与互补,消除多源信息之间存在的冗余和矛盾,形成对水华爆发环境相对完整的感知与描述;从而提高水华预警与应急响应决策的效率,提高预警信息的时间与空间分辨率,扩展信息的时空监测范围。     

施肥与秸秆还田对太湖稻-油复种系统春季杂草群落特征的影响

掌握不同管理模式下稻田杂草群落特征,可以为杂草综合防治及农田生物多样性的保持提供理论依据和技术途径。借助稻-油复种系统长期定位施肥试验（江苏吴江,始于1987年）,于2007年春季监测长期不同施肥和秸秆还田对农田杂草群落的影响。施肥与秸秆还田对春季稻田杂草群落结构特征存在显著作用。长期有机无机肥配合施用下（化肥+猪粪+秸秆）杂草生物多样性和生物量均下降;长期不施氮肥下杂草总密度显著增高,达1 810 ind./m2;长期不施肥时,田间野老鹳草成为优势种群,其相对密度达879%;全年秸秆还田（化肥+油菜秸秆+水稻秸秆）下,田间优势杂草种群为禾本科的看麦娘,其相对密度达697%;秋熟水稻秸秆还田下杂草生物量下降,而生物多样性显著提高。上述结果表明,通过合理施肥和秸秆还田措施,可以对稻油复种模式中春季杂草群落进行有效调控。     

生态岛建设过程中环境类指标构建研究——以崇明岛为例

提出了将压力 状态 响应（PSR）模型与系统分析法理论集成起来构建生态岛建设过程中环境类指标的方法和步骤。指标构建过程分为4个步骤：（1）首先利用已有生态区域（岛）相关环境类指标确定备选指标集;（2）利用PSR模型对指标逻辑关系进行分析筛选;（3）以2010年为近期目标年,利用系统分析法确定指标核心要素,得到二次筛选指标;（4）以2030年为远期目标年,以综合性和动态性为依据确定最终指标。以上海市崇明岛为例,确定水、气、土为核心考核要素,构建了基于崇明生态岛建设过程的近期及远期目标的环境类考核指标体系。指标评价结果表明,崇明生态岛建设过程中环境类综合指数为72,其中环境压力指数、环境质量指数、环境保护指数分别为85、80和51,与崇明岛实际较为吻合。部分研究结果已在崇明岛生态建设过程中得到实际应用。