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181.
Heavy Metals in the Bed and Suspended Sediments of Anyang River, Korea: Implications for Water Quality 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
The objective of this study is to compare Anyang River bed sediments with water chemical composition and to assess the anthropogenic chemical inputs into the river system. Eight sampling locations were chosen along the river channel. Bed and suspended river sediments and water samples were collected, and analyzed for their chemical and physical composition. Data revealed that trace element concentrations in the river water were generally below world average, except for As, Mn, Ni and Cr. Among the three phases: water, bed and suspended sediment, more than 99% of the trace elements was associated with the bed sediment. Concentrations of trace elements in the sediment were a function a particle size distribution and organic content. The calculated degrees of enrichment based on the least influenced sample (ASD 1) indicated the river sediments were enriched with respect to background. The enrichment factors for Pb, Zn and As were relatively lower than for Cr, Co, Ni and Zn. The difference in the enrichment seems to reflect the human activities influence in the basin, and specially for Cd. Speciation of the elements in the five different chemical forms in the sediment by sequential extraction indicated that the reducible fraction was predominant for Fe, Zinc and Cu showed an irregular variation among the different fractions; whereas, Cd and Pb were more regular. Zinc and Cu highly existed mostly in exchangeable forms. Acid soluble and reducible forms were also important for most metals. The speciation implies that the metals associated with the sediment are subject to release into water bodies as goechemical variables (pH and Eh) change. Currently, the introduced metals are deposited near the source area and are mostly associated with the sediment, implying that the river bed sediment acts mainly as a sink, rather than a pool. The accumulated and enriched toxic trace elements can pose a potential pollution of river water. 相似文献
182.
The least-cost-first extraction rule for deposits with different extraction costs previously has been shown to be invalid in general equilibrium. This paper demonstrates that this rule also does not hold in partial equilibrium when extraction capacity is limited. Necessary and sufficient conditions for several surprising extraction orders are presented. If extraction from a high-cost resource is constrained, it may be optimal to begin extraction from a high-cost deposit (or backstop) strictly before extracting from a lower-cost deposit. If extraction from a low-cost resource is limited, it may be optimal to exhaust a high-cost deposit strictly before the low-cost deposit is exhausted or to abandon extraction temporarily from a high-cost deposit and then to exhaust it later. The analysis demonstrates how extraction constraints affect the order of extraction and shows that certain cost reversals are caused by limited extraction capacity rather than by the general equilibrium definition of extraction costs. 相似文献
183.
Although set-up costs are prevalent and substantial in natural resource extraction, it is known that a Walrasian competitive equilibrium cannot exist in simple extraction models with set-up costs. This paper demonstrates that this result is sensitive to the assumption of unlimited extraction capacity and derives sufficient conditions for existence. An equilibrium exists if extraction is limited such that each firm earns sufficient surplus to cover its set-up costs or if firms choose extraction capacity subject to non-increasing returns. The resulting competitive equilibrium price either grows at the rate of interest when total extraction is below industry capacity or is constant when industry capacity is fully utilized. In the equilibrium, identical deposits are opened simultaneously, and set-up costs for new deposits are incurred when the industry has excess capacity rather than when capacity is fully utilized. 相似文献
184.
Palumbo-Roe B Cave MR Klinck BA Wragg J Taylor H O'Donnell KE Shaw RA 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2005,27(2):121-130
Jurassic ironstones outcropping over parts of eastern England give rise to soils with arsenic concentrations in excess of
the UK soil guideline value of 20 mg kg−1 for residential areas. Total arsenic concentrations were determined for 73 ironstone derived soils and bioaccessible arsenic
determined using an in vitro physiologically based extraction test. The bioaccessible arsenic concentration for these soils was found to be well below
the soil guideline value with a mean concentration of 4 mg kg−1 and a range of 2–17 mg kg−1. The bioaccessible fraction ranges from 1.2 to 33%. Data from a sequential extraction test based on the use of aqua regia
as the main extractant is presented for a subset of 20 of the soils. Chemometric data reduction is used to demonstrate that
the bioaccessible arsenic is mainly contained within calcium iron carbonate (sideritic) assemblages and only partially iron
aluminosilicates, probably berthierine, and iron oxyhydroxide phases, probably goethite. It is suggested that the bulk of
the non-bioaccessible arsenic is bound up with less reactive iron oxide phases. 相似文献
185.
超临界流体萃取在研究土壤和沉积物结合态残留中的应用 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
许多有机污染物在土壤和沉积物中形成持久稳定的结合态残留;结合态残留对土壤和沉积物的解毒过程、污染物长期分配行为、生物可用性和生物毒性都具有重要影响。为了揭示结合态残留的形成机制及其对污染物环境行为和毒理学参数的影响,从土壤或沉积物中提取出不同结合状态的有机污染物就显得非常重要。超临界流体萃取(SFE)可以实现选择性萃取,从而得到有关污染物一基体间相互作用的信息。文章介绍了SFE应用类型、超临界流体种类以及影响SFE萃取率的因素,对SFE模拟有机污染物长期吸附/解吸行为和生物可用性研究进行了论述,并认为SFE势必发展成为土壤或沉积物中结合态残留形成机理研究、土壤修复和生态风险评价的一种强有力的技术。 相似文献
186.
水稻总DNA的快速制备 总被引:12,自引:3,他引:12
采用两种不同的简单方法,均不接触有毒的有机试剂,且不需液氮速冻研磨,快速地制备水稻总DNA,用于SSR、STS等检测,效果稳定可靠.其中TritonX-100法提取的DNA具有很好的完整性,可用于后续其他分子生物学操作;NaOH法提取的DNA虽然降解严重,但是及时用于PCR及相关分析同样可行.两种方法均可在短时间内处理大批量的样品,操作简单,效果可靠,适于对杂种后代进行遗传连锁分析和分子标记辅助选育时的单株检测.图2表1参8 相似文献
187.
吐氏酸废液资源化技术的研究 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5
研究了用化学萃取法回收吐氏酸废母液中染料中间体的多种影响因素,静态试验表明:通过萃取工艺,吐氏酸废母液中的染料中间体回收率可达90%以上,萃余液中CODcr在500~3000mg/L之间;该工艺可使废母液中的回收物浓缩5~10倍,根据静态试验得出的工艺参数,进行了动态模拟试验,取得了与静态试验非常接近的结果,为以后的示范工程提供了可靠的设计依据。 相似文献
188.
本文研究了利用毛细管柱分离、测定水样中的苯系物。该方法用二硫化碳萃取水样中的苯系物,细口径毛细管柱分离,FID测定。在分流比为100∶1的条件下,方法最低检出浓度在0025~0047mg/L之间,低于填充柱法。该方法适用于地表水、地下水和废水中微量苯系物的测定。 相似文献
189.
190.
Soil heating has been proposed as a method to enhance the vapor extraction of NAPLs from contaminated soils. Three-dimensional fluid flow and heat transfer simulations have been performed for soil-heated vapor extraction to determine the transient system performance for a hypothetical configuration. Soil layering has been considered in evaluation of the initial non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) distribution and in evaporation and transport to the vapor extraction location. Results from this layered model are compared with results for a homogeneous system with an initially uniform NAPL, indicating the influence of layering, the initial NAPL distribution, the type of NAPL, and the possibility of enhanced vapor diffusion. Not only is the NAPL removal time reduced significantly with the addition of heat, but the uncertainty in the removal time owing to a number of difficult to characterize in situ factors, such as layering and the initial NAPL distribution, is much less than for standard soil vapor extraction without heating, owing to the rise in temperature and increase in NAPL vapor pressure with time. 相似文献