木素过氧化物酶的逆胶束纯化研究

采用一种新型的逆胶束体系对木素过氧化物酶(LiP)进行了纯化.在此逆胶束体系中,以鼠李糖脂(RL,一种阴离子生物表面活性剂)作为表面活性剂,异辛烷和正己醇分别作为非极性有机溶剂和助表面活性剂(体积比为1:1),分别考察了RL浓度、振荡时间及水相的离子强度和pH值等因素对LiP的前萃取和后萃取过程的影响.结果表明,在前萃过程中,水相的最佳pH值为3.0,RL和KCl的最适浓度分别为2.75mmol/L和0.04mol/L,振荡时间以30min为最佳(200r/min);在后萃过程中,水相的最佳pH值为6.0,KCl的最适浓度为0.5mol/L.在上述最佳条件下,LiP的酶活回收率(AR)和纯化倍数(PF)分别高达93%, 2.9倍.电泳分析结果进一步证实LiP的纯化效果较佳.     

用于有机磷农药固相萃取的吸附材料的研究进展

有机磷农药由于在环境中相对于有机氯农药容易降解,而成为全球范围内使用最广泛的杀虫剂。尽管有机磷农药已经被证实了低环境持久性,但由于具有生物毒性、高毒性、再生毒性、免疫毒性和基因毒性,造成的残留仍能对人类健康产生危害。样品前处理是有机磷农药残留分析过程的重要步骤,该过程耗费时间,其好坏直接影响整个分析结果的准确性。固相萃取相对液-液萃取由于具有诸如快速、简单和绿色环保的特点及较强的选择吸附性,是目前应用最广泛的农药残留分析样品前处理技术。吸附材料是决定固相萃取过程效能的关键因素。文章介绍了常见的硅吸附材料、碳吸附材料、分子印迹吸附材料及磁性吸附材料在有机磷农药固相萃取领域的研究应用现状,同时对未来研究方向进行了展望。     

实验条件对太湖水体中藻蓝蛋白提取结果的影响

基于野外采集的太湖水样和室内培养的铜绿微囊藻,对比了典型实验条件对太湖水体中藻蓝蛋白提取结果的影响。结果表明:(1)在太湖水样的藻蓝蛋白提取中,磷酸盐缓冲液浓度的影响微弱,0.01～0.2 mol/L的磷酸盐缓冲液均适宜浸提太湖水样中的藻蓝蛋白。冻融前加入缓冲液提取的藻蓝蛋白效果较好。-50℃冷冻温度的提取效率高于-20℃。(2)铜绿微囊藻和太湖水样在磷酸盐缓冲液加入顺序和冷冻温度上存在差异。对于室内培养的铜绿微囊藻,磷酸盐缓冲液可在冻融前加入,也可于冻融后加入。冷冻温度以-20℃为宜。(3)稀释测量结果显示,随着稀释比例的降低,最大吸收峰值线性减小,对应的波长位置发生了偏移。稀释比例和藻蓝蛋白浓度呈良好的线性关系。     

基于Sentinel-3 OLCI影像的渤海FUI水色指数遥感提取及应用

水色是水体水文学特征的基本要素之一。水色测定主要是采用福莱尔比色表(Forel-Ule Scale)将自然水体按颜色从深蓝到红棕共分为21个级别,用以观测、记录海洋和内陆水体的颜色。基于2020—2021年大辽河口、黄河口西南及秦皇岛近岸海域的现场实测数据和同步Sentinel-3 OLCI影像,验证了FUI水色指数遥感提取结果的准确性,发现当现场测量时间与卫星过境时间接近时,FUI水色指数遥感提取结果与实测结果基本一致。利用2021年1—12月Sentinel-3 OLCI影像,提取了渤海月均FUI水色指数遥感产品,发现渤海FUI水色指数的主要变化区间为5~17,整体呈现辽东湾、渤海湾及莱州湾沿岸海域高,秦皇岛海域及其他离岸海域低的空间分布特征,且存在秋冬季高、春夏季低的时间变化规律。此外,FUI水色指数对诸多海洋生态环境问题具有显著的指示功能。尝试将其应用于海洋水色异常和海水水质类别观测,均取得了较好的应用效果。由此可见,FUI水色指数遥感提取将在今后的海洋生态环境监测与评价方面发挥重要作用。     

溶剂萃取分离地下强化抽出处理液中的污染物和表面活性剂

以正己烷为萃取剂,SDS和Tween 80为表面活性剂,苯和硝基苯为污染物,通过批次实验研究了萃取时间、油水比、表面活性剂及污染物性质对二者分离效果的影响.结果表明,萃取时间为2h、油水比为0.1是萃取的最佳条件参数;正己烷对Tween 80和苯的分离效果较SDS好,且Tween 80浓度对分离效果影响不大;随着SDS浓度的升高,其与苯的分离效果先增大后减小,在1.375CMC时达到最佳分离效果;正己烷对苯与SDS的分离效果较硝基苯好,且分离效果随着污染物浓度的升高而增大;苯和硝基苯共存时,其与SDS的分离存在竞争作用.     

二氯甲烷萃取-HPLC法测定水中的多菌灵

用二氯甲烷液-液萃取氮吹浓缩法萃取水和废水中的多菌灵,取浓缩纯化后的有机相直接进样到高效液相色谱仪,用二极管矩阵检测器检测,根据保留时间外标法定量。实验结果表明,采用此方法可将水体中的多菌灵快速有效地提取,并可获得较高的精密度和准确度。     

臭氧杀菌技术在油田回注水处理中的应用研究

采用臭氧杀菌技术处理油田回注水,考查了臭氧投加量、臭氧接触时间对腐生菌(MB)、铁细菌(IB)、硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)灭活效果的影响。研究表明:臭氧投加量80 mg/L,臭氧接触反应时间t≥30 min,SRBI、B、MB的残留个数均可达到SY/T5329-94《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法》注水水质标准中A2级指标要求。     

Soil drying in a tropical forest: Three distinct environments controlled by gap size

Soil water and temperature regimes in the tropical moist forest on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, were simulated directly from meteorological data using the model SWEAT. Separate field observations from root-exclusion, litter-removal and control treatments in one small and one large forest gap were used for calibration and validation. After irrigating all treatments to field capacity, soil matric potential and temperature were measured over 17 days at four depths ≤50 mm using the filter-paper technique and bead thermistors. Understorey environments were also simulated under the same initial conditions. The results suggest that three distinct scenarios, controlled by gap size, describe how the above- and below-ground processes controlling soil drying are coupled: (1) in the large gap, root water extraction by surrounding trees is negligible so soil drying is dominated by evaporation from the soil surface. Soil temperature is dominated by direct solar heating and cooling due to evaporation. (2) In the small gap, root water extraction dominates soil drying with soil evaporation playing a minor role. Soil temperature is still dominated by direct sunlight with some cooling due to evaporation. (3) In the understorey, root water extraction dominates soil drying. Soil temperature is dominated by heat conduction from deep soil layers with some evaporation and sensible heat transfer. The contrasting soil drying regimes imposed by variation in canopy structure enhance micro-environmental heterogeneity and the scope for differential germination and seedling establishment in coexisting tropical tree species.     

Bioavailability of trace metals in brownfield soils in an urban area in the UK

Thirty-two brownfield sites from the city of Wolverhampton were selected from those with a former industrial use, wasteland or areas adjacent to industrial processes. Samples (<2 mm powdered soil fraction) were analysed, using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) for 20 elements. Loss on ignition and pH were also determined. A five-step chemical sequential extraction technique was carried out. Single leach extraction with 0.12 M hydrochloric acid of Pb, Cu and Zn in soil was determined as a first approximation of the bioavailability in the human stomach. Some of the sites were found to have high concentrations of the potentially toxic elements Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni. The partitioning of metals showed a high variability, however a number of trends were determined. The majority of Zn was partitioned into the least chemically stable phases (steps 1, 2 and 3). The majority of Cu was associated with the organic phase (step 4) and the majority of Ni was fractionated into the residue phase (step 5). The majority of Pb was associated with the residue fraction (step 5) followed by Fe–Mn oxide fraction (step 3). The variability reflects the heterogeneous and complex nature of metal speciation in urban soils with varied historic histories. There was a strong inverse linear relationship between the metals Ni, Zn and Pb in the readily exchangeable phase (step 1) and soil pH, significant at P < 0.01 level. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the partitioning of Cu, Ni and Zn into step 4 (the organic phase) in soils with a higher organic carbon content (estimated by loss on ignition). Copper was highly partitioned into step 4 as it has a strong association with organics in soil but this phase was not important for the partitioning of Ni or Zn. The fractionation of Ni, Cu and Zn increased significantly in step 3 when the total metal concentration increases (P < 0.01). The Fe–Mn oxide fraction becomes more important in soils elevated in these metals, possibly due to the scavenging of metals by oxides. Cu and Pb extracted by HCl was statistically similar to the sum of the metals in steps 1 to 4 (P < 0.01) and HCl available Zn was statistically similar to the sum of Zn in steps 1 to 3 (P < 0.01). Step 4 (the organic phase) was not an important phase for Zn, so it was concluded that any Cu, Zn and Pb present in soil in a nonresidue phase would be potentially available for uptake into the human system once soil has been ingested.     

西沟煤矿注CO2促抽煤层瓦斯模拟研究

为了提高瓦斯抽采效果,以西沟煤矿5315工作面注气瓦斯抽采方案为工程背景,开展注CO₂促抽煤层瓦斯模拟研究。通过对注CO₂驱替煤层瓦斯机理研究,结合注气瓦斯抽采过程中的气体运移场和煤体变形场的耦合关系,建立了注CO₂促抽瓦斯固气耦合模型;利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件模拟了工作面注气瓦斯抽采,对比分析了注气瓦斯抽采与本煤层顺层钻孔抽采的瓦斯抽采效果,论证了煤层注CO₂促抽煤层瓦斯工艺的可行性与有效性。研究结果表明:在工作面瓦斯抽采90 d后注入CO₂,对瓦斯抽采的促抽效果明显,煤层瓦斯压力降至0.46~0.49 MPa,瓦斯含量降低至4.22 m3/t;在90 d后注入CO₂促抽煤层瓦斯,在瓦斯抽采至第180 d时,抽采效果较钻孔瓦斯抽采明显提高,煤层瓦斯压力降低了7.84%~9.26%,残余瓦斯含量减少了18.63%。通过工程实测可知,5315工作面在注入CO₂促抽煤层瓦斯抽采后的瓦斯压力与瓦斯含量分别降低至0.48 MPa和4.76 m3/t,有效降低了煤与瓦斯突出的危险性。