固体废物中氰化物的浸出特性研究

采用零顶空提取器,对固体废物中氰化物做浸出试验,浸出液用流动注射法测定,并探讨固体废物中影响氰化物浸出的因素。对浸提时间和浸提次数的试验考察可知,冲刷、溶解、吸附、解吸等多种机制作用于浸出的不同阶段。试验表明,当浸提时间为18 h、浸提次数为2次时能将氰化物基本浸提出来;固体废物经稳固化处理后可明显降低氰化物的浸出量,固体废物本身所含的吸附性组分可不同程度地降低氰化物的浸出量。     

间羟基苯甲醛生产废水的处理

研究了萃取法处理间羟基苯甲醛生产废水的工艺条件，并在此基础上进行了废水的生化处理试验。结果表明：萃余液稀释１５倍后用活性污泥法处理，出水ＣＯＤ能达到排放标准。     

Easy and fast extraction methods to determine organochlorine pesticides in sewage sludge,soil, and water samples based at low temperature

Organochlorine pesticides present in sewage sludge can contaminate soil and water when they are used as either fertilizer or agricultural soil conditioner. In this study, the technique solid–liquid extraction with low temperature purification was optimized and validated for determination of ten organochlorine pesticides in sewage sludge and soil samples. Liquid–liquid extraction with low temperature purification was also validated for the same compounds in water. Analyses were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry operating in the selective ion monitoring mode. After optimization, the methods showed recoveries between 70% and 115% with relative standard deviation lower than 13% for all target analytes in the three matrices. The linearity was demonstrated in the range of 20 to 70 µg L^?1, 0.5 to 60 µg L^?1, and 3 to 13 µg L^?1, for sludge, soil, and acetonitrile, respectively. The limit of quantification ranged between 2 and 40 µg kg^?1, 1 and 6 µg kg^?1, and 0.5 µg L^?1 for sludge, soil, and water, respectively. The methods were used in the study of pesticide lixiviation carried out in a poly vinyl chlorine column filled with soil, which had its surface layer mixed with sludge. The results showed that pesticides are not leached into soil, part of them is adsorbed by the sewage sludge (4–40%), and most pesticides are lost by volatilization.     

地面水力压裂对井下煤层瓦斯抽采影响分析

为了研究高河煤矿地面压裂钻井作业对井下煤层瓦斯抽采效果的影响,以3#煤层E2307工作面为主要考察对象,对水力压裂前后煤层渗透率、抽采瓦斯浓度和纯量进行统计分析。研究结果表明:地面压裂钻井水力压裂后煤层反演渗透率提高了13倍以上;压裂后瓦斯浓度最大增幅为122%,最小增幅为34%,平均增幅为71%,同样,瓦斯纯量也有大幅度的提高。研究认为高河煤矿地面水力压裂作业对其高瓦斯含量、低渗透性煤层具有良好的应用前景,对同类煤矿及煤层提高瓦斯抽采效率,预防井下瓦斯动力灾害具有积极的借鉴意义。     

Taking away David’s sling*: environmental justice and land-use conflict in extractive resource development

Exploring cases of gas and coal extraction in Australia and the U.S.A., this paper considers instances in which legal and political frameworks have been used to prioritise development interests and minimise opportunities for community objection. Two case studies illustrate the role of law and the influence of politics on environmental conflict, conflict resolution, and participation in decision-making associated with resource extraction. A range of barriers to meaningful community participation in land-use decision-making are exposed by combining legal and non-legal concepts of equity and justice with ideologies of democracy and representation. These include asymmetry in information and resources available to parties; instances of misrecognition of weaker participants; and examples of malrecognition, where community attempts to engage democratic rights of public participation were thwarted by the strategic and deliberate actions of both industry and government. This paper illustrates the limits of current legal approaches to addressing land-use conflict and contributes to the developing scholarship of environmental justice as an analytic framework for addressing complex environmental and social justice issues.     

Testing the efficiency of extraction of incurred residues from soil with optimized multi-residue method

The reproducibility of extraction of residues from spiked soil samples and from soils containing incurred residues was tested with ¹⁴C-labeled test compounds of different physical-chemical properties. Nearly 100% of the compounds added to the sample before extraction could be recovered with an average reproducibility relative standard deviation (CV) of 5.4%. The additional steps of the determination process (cleanup, evaporation, etc.) contributed to the major part of the variability of the results (CV = 10–20%). The incurred residues were most efficiently extracted with acetone for 30 min followed by the mixture of acetone/ethyl acetate 1:1 for additional 30 min. However, they could only be recovered at various extent (64–90% of total residues), underlying the importance of testing the efficiency of extraction. The residues were identified and quantified by gas chromatography applying thermionic detector. The performance parameters of the method complied with the international method validation guidelines, and they proved to be robust and suitable for determination of pesticide residues in soils of widely different physical–chemical properties.     

Hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction based on carrier-mediated transport for determination of urinary methyl hippuric acids

Hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction based on carrier-mediated transport for analysis of methyl hippuric acids in aqueous samples is described. Under optimized conditions, relative recoveries of 83%–98% and limits of detection of 2–3 µg L^?1 were obtained, with linear calibration curves for the three isomers in the range of 10–50,000 µg L^?1. The method was applied for the determination of urine samples of volunteers at various working environments.     

撞击流反应器萃取电镀废水中Cr6+的实验研究

以磷酸三丁酯（TBP）为萃取剂,用撞击流反应器对模拟含铬电镀废水中的Cr^6＋进行了萃取脱除实验研究。与相同条件下的传统单级化学萃取相比,撞击流反应器利用两喷嘴的射流作用在两流体相对撞击时获得高效传质区域,能有效强化液液萃取的相际传质过程,其单级萃取率最多可提高20．11％。当萃取剂中TBP的体积分数为10％、相比（有机相与水相的体积比）为1：2、萃取时间为1min、H^＋的浓度为1．0mol／L时,通过实验得出适宜的操作条件为：喷嘴间距离为喷嘴直径的3．4倍,搅拌转速600r／min,萃取温度30—40℃,在此条件下Cr^6＋的萃取率为31．5％。     

酸化-萃取法处理丁辛醇废水

采用酸化-萃取法处理齐鲁石化公司第二化肥厂的丁辛醇废水（简称废水）,用硫酸调节废水的pH,以该厂产品异辛醇为萃取剂,考察了各种因素对萃取效率的影响,得出较佳工艺条件：废水的pH为2．5,废水与萃取剂的体积比为4,废水温度为10℃,废水与萃取剂混合时的振摇时间为60s,萃取相和萃余相的静置分离时间为10min。在该条件下对COD为42244mg/L的废水进行二级错流萃取,COD去除率为86．82％。该法可实现对废水进行处理和资源回收的双重目的。     

固相萃取—反相液相色谱法测定水中邻苯二甲酸酯

采用亲水-亲脂平衡固相萃取柱和反相液相色谱法研究了水中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）3种邻苯二甲酸酯的萃取条件和测定方法。利用正交实验对影响萃取回收率的4个主要因素（洗脱剂组成、洗脱剂加入量、洗脱速率及清洗剂组成）进行了优化,确定了固相萃取的最佳条件：洗脱剂组成为V（甲醇）：V（乙醚）=3：17,洗脱剂加入量为6mL,洗脱速率为1．0mL／min,清洗剂组成为V（甲醇）：V（水）=1：9。3种邻苯二甲酸酯的萃取回收率在75．1％～111．3％之间。在优化条件下,色谱峰面积与3种邻苯二甲酸酯的浓度呈良好的线性关系（线性相关系数大于0．9995）,DMP,DEP,DBP的检出限分别为0．24,0．51,0．12μg／L。DEP,DBP,DMP的加标回收率分别为103．1％,103．8％,95．7％,相对标准偏差分别为0．36％,1．20％,2．10％。