冬季青岛不同气团来源气溶胶中磷浓度及溶解度

分析了2017-11~2018-01在青岛采集的气溶胶样品中总磷（TP）、溶解态总磷（DTP）、溶解态无机磷（DIP）和溶解态有机磷（DOP）浓度,讨论了来自北方快速移动的干冷气团（NS）和局地停滞性暖湿气团（LS）中气溶胶P浓度和溶解度的差异及其原因.TP浓度在NS和LS气溶胶中分别为（137.3±49.3）ng/m³和（115.8±45.8）ng/m³,DTP对TP的贡献（即P溶解度）分别为（20.7±5.6）%和（45.9±15.7）%.DTP中以DIP为主,其贡献在NS和LS气溶胶中分别为65.6%和55.3%.NS气溶胶中人为源P对TP的贡献为69%,略低于LS气溶胶中的72%.LS气溶胶中较高的酸化程度和相对湿度（RH）以及较慢的气团传输速率是其P溶解度显著高于NS气溶胶的原因.RH<60%时,无论酸化程度高低,P溶解度不超过30%;RH>60%时,酸化条件下,高的相对湿度和低的气团传输速率有利于显著提升P溶解度.因此,日趋严重的大气污染可能提高了我国近海大气生物可利用P的入海通量.     

青岛大气气溶胶中微量元素溶解度及影响因素

利用2012年12月在青岛采集的31个总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）样品,分析其中11种微量元素的总浓度和溶解态浓度,讨论了沙尘负载、气溶胶来源、酸过程及天气条件对微量元素溶解度的影响.结果表明,Fe和Al的溶解度<5%,Pb、Ba、Bi的为10%左右,Cu、V、Cd、Mn的为20%~30%,Zn和As的约为40%.随着沙尘负载量的增加,气溶胶中微量元素溶解度呈规律性递减.气团后向轨迹聚类分析和正矩阵因子分析（PMF）结果显示,受人为源影响的气溶胶中微量元素溶解度明显高于受沙尘源影响的,受二次生成源和海洋源影响的的气溶胶中微量元素溶解度明显高于受土壤源影响的.大气酸过程是造成这些差异的主要原因.相关性分析表明,SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和有机酸等酸组分均对微量元素溶解度有一定影响.霾天时气溶胶中微量元素溶解度明显低于雾天的,其原因为酸组分在较高的相对湿度下更能促进微量元素溶解度的提高.     

水溶性有机酸对萘溶解度及迁移性能的影响

通过热力学的方法,研究了水溶性有机酸对萘的溶解度及迁移性能的影响,结果表明,萘的溶解度和萘由纯水向不同浓度有机酸溶液的迁移能力随着有机酸浓度的增加而增加,但这种趋势并非简单的线性增加,当有机酸浓度超过一定数值后,萘的溶解度会突然增大,迁移趋势会明显增加.这种变化与在稀溶液中形成的水包有机酸笼合物结构有关.     

Role of organic and black carbon in the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol at European background sites

The mass concentrations of inorganic ions, water-soluble organic carbon, water-insoluble organic carbon and black carbon were determined in atmospheric aerosol collected at three European background sites: (i) the Jungfraujoch, Switzerland (high-alpine, PM_2.5 aerosol); (ii) K-puszta, Hungary (rural, PM_1.0 aerosol); (iii) Mace Head, Ireland (marine, total particulate matter). At the Jungfraujoch and K-puszta the contribution of carbonaceous compounds to the aerosol mass was higher than that of inorganic ions by 33% and 94%, respectively. At these continental sites about 60% of the organic carbon was water soluble, 55–75% of the total carbon proved to be refractory and a considerable portion of the water soluble, refractory organic matter was composed of humic-like substances. At Mace Head the mass concentration of organic matter was found to be about twice than that of nonsea-salt ions, 40% of the organic carbon was water soluble and the amount of highly refractory carbon was low. Humic-like substances were not detected but instead low molecular weight carboxylic acids were responsible for about one-fifth of the water-soluble organic mass. These results imply that the influence of carbonaceous compounds on aerosol properties (e.g. hygroscopic, optical) might be significant.     

应用不同结构参数预测取代苯甲醛类化合物的分配性质

测定了28种取代苯甲醛类化合物的正辛醇/水分配系数（Kow）和水溶解度（Sw）,采用量化参数和分子连接性指数来构建定量结构－性质相关（QSPR）模型．所得模型能较好地预测该类化合物的Kow和Sw．Kow和Sw平均估算误差分别为0.15和0.20个对数单位．模型的统计检验表明,模型中自变量不存在相关关系;残差呈正态分布．     

表面活性剂强化抽出处理含水层中DNAPL污染物的去除特征

为明确表面活性剂强化抽出处理含水层中DNAPL污染物过程中表面活性剂的增强修复效果,及DNAPL自身理化性质和介质孔径的影响,利用数码图像分析技术对1,2-二氯乙烷和四氯乙烯2种DNAPL在石英砂填充的二维砂箱中的抽取迁移过程进行了实验模拟研究,并对抽出水样中DNAPL的浓度进行了测试分析。结果表明,实验条件下加入低浓度(0.18%)的十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)大幅提高了对弱透水层截留的2种DNAPL聚集体的抽出处理效率。1,2-二氯乙烷在该表面活性剂溶液中的表观溶解度远高于四氯乙烯,因此其短时间内的绝对去除率更高。SDBS强化抽出处理DNAPL的作用机理以增溶作用为主,而其增流作用使DNAPL迁移流动后分布面积增大,增加了与表面活性剂溶液接触的面积,对增溶作用起到促进效果。细粒介质中DNAPL迁移后的最大分布面积较大,因此体系中DNAPL的溶解速率较高。在DNAPL聚集体质量与水力梯度固定的条件下,油水界面张力越低,DNAPL的密度越大,DNAPL垂向迁移的风险就越大。本研究为修复工程中如何依据DNAPL种类与场地多孔介质的情况选择表面活性剂提供了参考。     

The aqueous solubility of twenty‐seven insecticides and related compounds.

Abstract

The aqueous solubilities of 27 insecticides and related compounds were determined. Diazinon, fensulfothion and paraoxon had solubilities greater than reported in the literature. The presence of impurities and/or additional components in the mixture altered the measured solubility values. Addition of acetone in amounts up to 1% (volume) produced increases in parathion solubility up to 11%. The pH values of the equilibrated solubility systems were, in most instances, acidic and, in several instances, were in the pH 3–4 range.     

Aqueous solubility, effects of salts on aqueous solubility, and partitioning behavior of hexafluorobenzene: experimental results and COSMO-RS predictions

The aqueous solubility of hexafluorobenzene has been determined, at 298.15 K, using a shake-flask method with a spectrophotometric quantification technique. Furthermore, the solubility of hexafluorobenzene in saline aqueous solutions, at distinct salt concentrations, has been measured. Both salting-in and salting-out effects were observed and found to be dependent on the nature of the cationic/anionic composition of the salt. COSMO-RS, the Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents, has been used to predict the corresponding aqueous solubilities at conditions similar to those used experimentally. The prediction results showed that the COSMO-RS approach is suitable for the prediction of salting-in/-out effects. The salting-in/-out phenomena have been rationalized with the support of COSMO-RS σ-profiles. The prediction potential of COSMO-RS regarding aqueous solubilities and octanol-water partition coefficients has been compared with typically used QSPR-based methods. Up to now, the absence of accurate solubility data for hexafluorobenzene hampered the calculation of the respective partition coefficients. Combining available accurate vapor pressure data with the experimentally determined water solubility, a novel air-water partition coefficient has been derived.     

1株高效BBP降解菌的分离与特性研究

从湖北省荆沙河泥样中富集培养分离得到了1株能够以邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯为唯一碳源和能源生长的细菌并命名为HS-B1.采用形态学、生理生化和16S rDNA序列分析对其进行了鉴定,发现HS-B1是1株杆状、需氧、革兰氏阴性细菌,接触酶呈阳性反应,氧化酶呈阴性反应,不产硫化氢气体,且该菌的16S rDNA序列与琼氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter junii)的相似性高达99%.因此初步鉴定该菌株为不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp.).摇瓶实验表明,菌株HS-B1生长和BBP降解的最适培养条件为35℃,pH 8.0.采用0.10 mmol.L-1非离子型表面活性剂吐温-80提高了BBP在水溶液中的表观溶解度,发现在最适培养条件下,HS-B1能够在48 h内将浓度为1 000 mg.L-1BBP完全降解,证明是一株高效降解菌.底物广谱性实验中,菌株HS-B1也能够有效利用DMP、DEP、DBP等邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物,说明该菌株在处理邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的污染治理中有独特的应用潜力.