城市化进程中失地农民的贫困问题及其治理

运用文献研究法和定性分析方法,借鉴社会学与人类学相关理论,探讨失地农民的贫困问题,总结失地农民贫困的类型,分析失地农民的贫困原因,并提出治理对策。结果发现:部分失地农民在城市中面临着贫困问题,经济贫困、文化贫困、能力贫困和权利贫困是主要贫困类型。导致失地农民贫困的因素主要有体制与制度设置不合理、城市社会的剥夺与排斥、城乡文化的冲突与非物质文化变迁滞后以及失地农民个人能力缺失等。治理失地农民贫困问题必须从宏观层面强化制度与政策的保障作用,从微观层面加强失地农民的自身能力建设。     

Photophysical and photochemical properties of the pharmaceutical compound salbutamol in aqueous solutions

Salbutamol is a potent β₂-adrenergic receptor agonist widely used in the treatment of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. An increasing number of studies have detected salbutamol in natural water systems worldwide. Studies have shown that sunlight degrades salbutamol resulting in the formation of products; some showing higher toxicity to bacteria Vibrio fischeri than the parent compound. In this contribution, steady-state absorption and emission techniques, high-performance liquid chromatography, and transient absorption spectroscopy are used to investigate the photochemistry of salbutamol in aqueous buffer solutions at controlled pH values. Ground- and excited-state calculations that include solvent effects are performed to guide the interpretation of the experimental results. Salbutamol is sensitive to UVB light absorption in the pH range from 3 to 12, forming products that absorb light at longer wavelengths than the parent compound. Quantum yields of degradation reveal that the deprotonated species is 10-fold more photo-active than the protonated species. In line with this result, the fluorescence quantum yield of the protonated species is more than an order of magnitude higher than that of the deprotonated species. Transient absorption spectroscopy shows that population of the triplet state occurs with a rate constant of 7.1 × 10⁸ s⁻¹ in the protonated species, while a rate constant of 1.7 × 10¹⁰ s⁻¹ is measured for the deprotonated species. While degradation of the deprotonated species is not affected by the presence of molecular oxygen, a twofold increase in the photodegradation yield of the protonated species in air-saturated conditions is observed.     

CePO4-TiO2固溶体的NH3-SCR活性

采用共沉淀法合成了不同Ce与Ti摩尔比的CePO₄-TiO₂复合材料,利用XRD、TEM、NH₃-TPD和H₂-TPR技术对其物理化学性质进行了表征,并对其NH₃-SCR活性进行了评价。实验结果表明：随着CePO₄含量的增加,催化剂的活性提高;当Ce与Ti的摩尔比为8:2时催化剂的活性最高,230 ℃的NO转化率达到100%,且具有更广的温度窗口,优于纯CePO₄。表征结果显示,CePO₄与TiO₂形成固溶体后,颗粒尺寸较为均匀,强酸位的数量增多,氧化还原性能提升,从而提高了催化剂的SCR反应活性,同时改善了其抗水抗硫性能。     

生物滴滤塔处理模拟甲硫醚废气

在常温条件下,采用生物滴滤塔处理模拟甲硫醚废气,考察了气体空床停留时间(EBRT)、容积负荷、喷淋密度及营养液pH对生物滴滤塔性能的影响。实验结果表明:当EBRT为90 s、进气甲硫醚质量浓度为150 mg/m~3、喷淋密度为0.65 m~3/(m~2·h),营养液pH为6.8时,甲硫醚去除率为90%;容积负荷高于15 g/(m~3·h)时,对生物滴滤塔的性能产生抑制作用;EBRT为90 s及60 s时,最佳喷淋密度分别为0.56~0.65 m~3/(m~2·h)及0.65~0.75 m~3/(m~2·h);降解甲硫醚的微生物对pH的变化较敏感,最适营养液pH为6~7。     

饱和土半空间中地下圆形衬砌洞室对平面SV波的散射

在Biot饱和多孔介质动力学理论的基础上,利用Fourier-Bessel级数展开法,通过对含有衬砌洞室的局部场地进行波场分析,得到饱和土半空间中圆柱形衬砌洞室对平面SV波的散射问题的解析解。经验证,本文得到的解可以退化为半空间单相介质的情况。通过与已有的单相弹性介质半空间中圆柱形衬砌洞室对平面SV波散射问题的解析解的对比,验证了此解的正确性。在解析解的基础上,数值计算给出洞口动应力集中放大系数,分析了入射频率和孔洞埋深对柱面上的应力集中因子的影响。     

大坝拦截对河流水溶解组分化学组成的影响分析——以夏季乌江渡水库为例

以乌江渡水库为主要研究对象,揭示了大坝拦截条件下的夏季水化学特征：阴离子以HCO-3,SO2-4为主,阳离子以Ca2+,Mg2+为主,其余离子含量低于10%,说明了碳酸盐岩的风化对水体化学组成起到了主要控制作用,蒸发盐岩石的风化对水体化学组成影响较小。水库水体存在温度分层现象,形成了不同层位的水体有着不同的水化学组成,即水化学分层。水化学的分层形成了溶解组分在水库垂直深度上的规律分布,比如受藻类的影响,Si和叶绿素随深度成相反的变化特征;HCO-3受光合作用和有机质降解的影响,30 m 以上随着水深的增加而递增,30 m 以下呈现相反趋势;水库泄水方式明显改变了水化学各种参数和离子在水体中的分配。乌江水库两主要支流（息烽河和偏岩河）分别对乌江渡坝前水体中的Ca2+,SO2-4,HCO-3,Mg2+和K+,Na+,Cl-有贡献。网箱养鱼、生活污水、农业施肥、酸性矿山废水以及酸雨沉降都会对水体造成不同程度的污染。     

Dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride in NaOH/ethylene glycol solution by microwave heating

This study investigated the dehydrochlorination of flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containing 59.2% PVC, 29.7% dioctyl phthalate (DOP), and approximately 12% stabilizers. Flexible PVC was treated with NaOH/ethylene glycol (NaOH/EG) solutions at NaOH concentrations in the range 0.5–4 mol/l and was heated in a microwave heater at a temperature between 100° and 160°C for 0–30 min. All chlorides were completely eliminated by internal heating at 160°C using microwaves for 10 min in a 1 mol/l NaOH/EG solution, and the residue was made up of hydrocarbons. The weight loss rate reached a maximum of 74.7% at a temperature of 160°C. It was discovered that the use of microwaves significantly shortened the reaction time compared to using conventional electric heaters or other external heating systems and also allowed the use of lower concentrations of NaOH. Chemical Feedstock Recycling & Other Innovative Recycling Techniques 6     

TOPSIS法在职业危害综合控制方案决策中的应用

职业危害控制方案决策属于多属性决策,应用Topsis法对职业危害控制方案进行决策,可以满足不同工艺、不同作业条件、不同经济、技术水平企业选择适宜的职业危害控制方案的需求,以达到有效控制职业危害的目的。Topsis法用于企业职业危害控制方案进行决策具有较好的准确性、实用性,是一种较易于操作、客观的综合决策方法。     

The chemical exploitation of nickel phytoextraction: An environmental, ecologic and economic opportunity for New Caledonia

Herein, we explore the outlines of an innovative method based on the chemical recovery of metal-rich biomass produced in phytoextraction technologies. Taking advantage of the adaptive capacity of some New Caledonian plants to hyperaccumulate Ni²⁺ cations in their aerial parts, this technique is based on the direct use of metals derived from plants as “Lewis acid” catalysts in organic chemistry. Metallic cations contained in New Caledonian nickel hyperaccumulators are recovered through a simple cost-effective process and serve the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts used in synthetic transformations allowing access to molecules with high added-value. The design of all processes is in line with the principles of green chemistry; it is adapted to the new economic constraints; it offers a new relevant outlet for metal-rich biomass; and it represents an alternative to non-renewable mineral materials.     

Ionic liquids as lubricants or lubrication additives: An ecotoxicity and biodegradability assessment

This paper reports on the (eco)toxicity and biodegradability of ionic liquids considered for application as lubricants or lubrication additives. Ammonium- and pyrrolidinium-based cations combined with methylsulphate, methylsulphonate and/or (CF₃SO₂)₂N⁻ anions were investigated in tests to determine their aquatic toxicity using water fleas Daphnia magna, green algae Selenastrum capricornutum and marine bacteria (Vibrio fischeri). Additional test systems with an isolated enzyme (acetylcholinesterase) and isolated leukaemia cells from rats (IPC-81) were used to assess the biological activity of the ionic liquids. These compounds generally exhibit low acute toxicity and biological activity. Their biodegradability was screened according to OECD test procedures 301 B and 301 F. For choline and methoxy-choline ionic liquids ready biodegradability was observed within 5 or 10 d, respectively. Some of the compounds selected have a considerable potential to contribute to the development of more sustainable products and processes.